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S111 Topic 1 - hole in water > Atoms and Molecules > Flashcards

Atoms and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of ‘matter’?

A

A physical substance that occupies space that has mass - everything that is made of matter is a chemical

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2
Q

What is the definition of ‘chemical’?

A

A chemical is produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules.
It is also a substance used in chemistry or produced by a process involving chemistry.
Everything made of matter is a chemical.

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3
Q

What is an ‘element’ ?

A

An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
It is the basic building block of matter e.g. Hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Carbon (C)

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4
Q

What is ‘chemistry’ ?

A

Chemistry is a scientific study of the structure of substances and the way they react to other substances.

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5
Q

What is a ‘compound’?

A

A compound are chemicals that comprise of more than one basic element e.g. Water, which is made from hydrogen and oxygen
Salt, sodium chloride

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6
Q

What does an ‘atom’ consist of?

A

It consists of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons with electrons traveling around it.

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7
Q

What is an ‘atom’?

A

It is the smallest unit of any substance.

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8
Q

What is a ‘molecule’?

A

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that stick together

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9
Q

Is a water molecule linear? (I.e. In a straight line) or bent?

A

Water molecules are bent, the atoms are not connected in a straight line

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10
Q

What is an electric charge?

A

It is the property of matter that causes electrical phenomena

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11
Q

Are atoms positive or negative?

A

They are neutral

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12
Q

If an atom can be shown to contain negative particles (that is electrons) what else must there be in an atom?

A

There must be some particles carrying a positivw charge to balance the negative charge of electrons.

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13
Q

What must happen so that an atom has a net charge of zero?

A

The total negative charge of the electrons must be balanced by the total positive charge in the protons

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14
Q

What are protons?

A

The are the positive charged particles in atoms

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15
Q

What is an electron?

A

It is the negative charge in an atom

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the number of protons in an atom and the number of electrons in the same atom?

A

Since they have the same charge, but opposite signs there must be the same number of protons as electrons

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17
Q

What determines the identity of each element?

A

The number of protons

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18
Q

What happens if the number of protons increase in an element?

A

The mass of the atom increases

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19
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

It is the amount of protons present in each atom

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20
Q

What is the atomic mass number?

A

It is the amount it is approx equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number)

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21
Q

How would you work out how many neutrons are present in the atom of an element?

A

You would minus the amount of protons (atomic number) from the relative atomic mass

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22
Q

What is a neutron?

A

It is an electrically neutral partial in an atom

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23
Q

What is the relative mass of both a proton and a neutron?

A

1

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24
Q

How much bigger is the mass of a proton and a neutron to that of an electron?

A

1840 times that of an electron

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25
Q

Does hydrogen contain neutrons?

A

No

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26
Q

Why is hydrogen so light ?

A

Because it basically only comprises of one proton and one electron
(No neutrons)

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27
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

A

It is the measure of the mass of one atom of that element.

28
Q

What is static electricity?

A

It is electricity produced by friction

29
Q

How does rubbing objects produce static electricity?

A

It transfers large numbers of tiny electrons between initially neutral objects causing one to become positively charged (by losing electrons) and the other one negatively charged (by gaining electrons

30
Q

Explain how scientists picture an atom?

A

Scientists picture and atom as comprising a central atomic necleus (which contain protons and neutrons) with electrons moving around it at high speed in random directions

31
Q

What is an isotope?

A

It is a radioactive form of an element
Contains the same atomic number because it has the same number of protons
But has different number of neutrons
Therefore a different mass

32
Q

Explain the structure of an oxygen atom?

A

The nucleus contains eight protons and eight neutrons
Moving outwards there is a space before you can see electrons are randomly moving around it
In the first set there can only be 2 sets of electrons
And again a small space where you then meet 6 electrons

33
Q

The nucleus of an oxygen atom contains 8 protons which each have a charge of …?

A

+1

34
Q

The eight electrons circling around around the nucleus of the oxygen atom each have a charge of …?

A

-1

35
Q

The overall charge of an oxygen atom is…?

A

Zero

36
Q

What are the two most common ways atoms can bond together?

A

Covalent bonding

Ionic bonding

37
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

It is the interaction of electrons of one atom with those of another

38
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

It is one kind of linking between atoms where electrons are shared by two nuclei

39
Q

How is a water molecule bonded?

A

A water molecule is bonded covalently as the electrons are shared by two nuclei

40
Q

How many electrons are shared by both a hydrogen atom and a oxygen atom in the bonding of a water molecule?

A

Two electrons are shared between the oxygen and each hydrogen. This is called a single bond

41
Q

What is a compound molecule?

A

When two or more different atoms link together

42
Q

What is a double bond?

A

It is when two atoms share 4 electrons

43
Q

Define the term chemical formula of a covalent compound?

A

The chemical formula of a covalent compound shows the number of each type of atom in one molecule of the compound
It is usually written using the symbols for the elements

44
Q

What is the chemical formula of oxygen?

A

O2

Oxygen gas in the air does not exist in the form of free individual oxygen atoms.

45
Q

What is the chemical formula of table salt?

A

NaCl

Is common salt or sodium chloride

46
Q

What is intramolecular attraction?

A

It is the attraction within a molecule (chemical bonds holding the atoms together)

47
Q

What is intermolecular attraction?

A

Attraction occurring between a molecule

48
Q

Which atoms are more attracted to each other in water molecule?

A

Hydrogen atoms are more attracted to the oxygen atom

49
Q

If the electrons are pulled more towards the oxygen atom than to the hydrogen atoms what do you think happens to the charge distribution?

A

There will be a separation in charge between the oxygen atom (becoming more negative) and the hydrogen atoms (becoming more positive)

50
Q

What is the term polarisation commonly used to describe?

A

The partial separation of charge
E.g. Certain atoms with have a slightly more/less positive/negative charge than another

The charge is not equal e.g. Water molecule the oxygen has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen a slight positive charge this causes the hydrogen atoms to constantly be moving around and attracted to other water molecules

The attraction between the molecules is called hydrogen bonding

51
Q

How can polarisation be represented?

A

Delta minus

Delta plus

52
Q

What does the term delta mean?

A

A little bit, since its amounts are less than an electrons worth

53
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

It is when one atom has a partial negative charge and another has a partial positive charge … this causes one to be more attracted to another

54
Q

Why do covalent bonds between two different elements always present some polarisation?

A

Because the atomic numbers are different so one will attract more than another

55
Q

Is the covalent bond between two atoms of the same element polar or non polar?

A

The covalent bond between two atoms of the same element is non -polar because both atoms attract the shared electrons to the same extent

56
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

It is is the attraction of the positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule attracted towards the negative oxygen atom of another water molecule

57
Q

Do water molecules have polar or non-polar bonds?

A

They can have both
If these bonds are evenly distributed,
Hydrogen atoms are attracted to oxygen atoms by a polar bond but when they are together the hydrogen is attracted to the negative oxygen of another water molecule

58
Q

Are hydrogen bonds intermolecular or intramolecular?

A

Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds

59
Q

Does hydrogen exist as a single atom?

A

Hydrogen (and oxygen) do not exist as single atoms

60
Q

What is the chemical equation for the production of water?

A

2H2(g) + O2(g) = 2H2O(l)

61
Q

How many molecules of water are formed when one molecule of oxygen reacts with two molecules of hydrogen?

A

Two molecules of water are formed when one molecule of oxygen reacts with two molecules of hydrogen.

62
Q

What are the three states of matter written for a chemical equation?

A

S for solid
L for liquid
G for gas

63
Q

What happens when chemical substances/reactants are mixed together?

A

It creates a new chemical substance

Product

64
Q

What are reactants?

A

They are chemical substance/compounds that when mixed together make a new chemical substance

65
Q

What is a ‘product’ in terms of chemical reactions?

A

It is the new substance that is made from the reactants (chemical substances/compounds) are mixed together

S111 Topic 1 - hole in water (11 decks)

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