Atomic Structures & Periodicity

Question 1

Ionization Energy

Answer 1

The energy needed to remove a valence electron from an atom in gaseous phase.

Question 2

Sub-shell Energy Levels

Answer 2

s < p < d < f

Question 3

Maximum # of Electrons

Answer 3

n = 1 : 2 
n = 2 : 8
n = 3 : 18 
n = 4 : 32

Question 4

Maximum # of Electrons (Sub-shell)

Answer 4

s = 2
p = 6 
d = 10
f = 14

Question 5

Chromium & Copper Exceptions

Answer 5

Cr: Half-filled d-shell ([Ar] . 3d5 . 4s1)
Cu: Fully-filled d-shell ([Ar] . 3d10 . 4s1)

(1/2 and 1/1 d-shell provides more stability)

Question 6

Sub-atomic Particle Charge and Mass

Answer 6

Neutron: 0 / 1 amu
Proton: + / 1 amu
Electron: - / 1/1840 amu

Question 7

Shell Energy Levels

Answer 7

n = 1 < n = 2 < n = 3 …

Question 8

Sub-shell Order

Answer 8

1s . 2s 2p . 3s 3p . 4s . 3d . 4p

Question 9

Isotopes

Answer 9

Atoms of the same element which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Same atomic number but different atomic mass

Similar chemical properties but different physical properties

Question 10

Radioisotopes

Answer 10

Isotopes which are likely to undergo radioactive decay. When decaying, it will emit either alpha, beta or gamma radiation.

Question 11

Half-Life

Answer 11

Time taken for a radioisotope to decay half its radioactive atoms to achieve greater stability.

Question 12

Cation / Anion

Answer 12

When metals lose electrons (positive charge)

When non-metals gain electrons (negative charge)

Question 13

1st Ionization Energy

Answer 13

The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of isolated gaseous atoms.

Question 14

Factors Affecting Ionization Energy

Answer 14

The size of the positive nuclear charge

The distance of the outermost electron from the nucleus

The shielding effect of the inner electrons

Question 15

Spectrometry

Answer 15

The use of light and other radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum to give information about atoms.

Question 16

Flame Test: 
Sodium 
Strontium 
Copper 
Barium
Lithium 
Calcium 
Potassium

Answer 16

Sodium = Yellow
Strontium = Scarlet
Copper = Green
Barium = Yellow-Green
Lithium = Crimson
Calcium = Yellow-Red
Potassium = Lilac

Question 17

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Answer 17

Technique utilized to determine metal ions present within a sample.

Question 18

Electrons that fall back to:
n = 1 :
n = 2 :
n = 3 :

Answer 18

Lyman Series (Ultraviolet)
Balmer Series (Visible)
Paschen Series (Infrared)

Question 19

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Answer 19

Technique utilized to measure the quantity of light absorbed by a sample.

Question 20

Mass Spectrometer

Answer 20

Separates isotopes within a sample and determines the abundance and the mass (relative to carbon-12).

Question 21

Mass Spectra

Answer 21

Output obtained by the mass spectrometer.

Question 22

Electronegativity

Answer 22

The ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract bonding electrons.