Atomic Structure - Atomic Orbitals, Electron Configuration

Question 1

describe what happens as we move further from the nucleus

Answer 1

As we move further from the nucleus, the energy of the shells increases

Question 2

where do electrons exist

Answer 2

electrons exist in electron shells

Question 3

electron shells = main energy levels

Answer 3

electron shells = main energy levels

Question 4

What is each shell given

What is this called

Answer 4

Each shell is given a number

This is called the principal quantum number or ‘n’

Question 5

state the principal quantum numbers of the first shell, second shell and third shell and fourth shell

Answer 5

First shell has a principal quantum number of 1 (n=1)

Second shell - n=2
third shell - n = 3
fourth shell, n = 4

Question 6

Calculate the maximum number of electrons that each shell can hold

Answer 6

maximum number of electrons = 2n^2

n=1

first shell - max 2 electrons in first shell

second shell - max 8 electrons in second shell

third shell - max 18 electrons in third shell

fourth shell - max 32 electrons in fourth shell

Question 7

Where are electrons in a shell found

Answer 7

Electrons in a shell are found in regions called atomic orbitals

Question 8

What is an atomic orbital

Answer 8

An atomic orbital is a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins

Question 9

types of spin electrons can have

Answer 9

Electrons can either have an up spin or a down spin

Question 10

What must two electrons in he same orbital have

Answer 10

When we have two electrons in the same orbital, these two electrons must have opposite spins

(cant have two electrons both with an up spin or both with a down spin)

Question 11

what is an electron

Answer 11

An electron is considered to be a cloud of negative charge

Question 12

What does the negative charge cloud (electron) have the shape of

Answer 12

The negative charge cloud has the shape of the orbital occupied by the electron

Question 13

what can we be never certain of in terms of an electron

Answer 13

We can never be certain of the exact location of an electron

Question 14

What does the atomic orbital show about location of an electron

Answer 14

The atomic orbital shows us a 95% probability of where an electron will exist

a volume in space where there is a 95% probability of finding a maximum of two electrons

Question 15

types of atomic orbitals

Answer 15

each atomic orbital has a letter

they are s,p,d,f

Question 16

draw s orbital

Answer 16

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236217213/figure/fig1/AS:650782764462080@1532170110288/Atomic-s-orbital-and-three-orthogonal-p-orbitals.png

Question 17

how many s orbitals does every electron shell contain

Answer 17

Every electron shell contains a single s orbital

Question 18

draw p orbitals

Answer 18

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236217213/figure/fig1/AS:650782764462080@1532170110288/Atomic-s-orbital-and-three-orthogonal-p-orbitals.png

Question 19

how many different p orbitals are there

Answer 19

there are three different p orbitals

Question 20

how many p orbitals do the electron shells contain

Answer 20

Every electron shell apart from the first one contains three p orbitals

Question 21

how many d orbitals are there

Answer 21

There are five different d orbitals

Question 22

how many d orbitals do the electron shells contain

Answer 22

Every shell apart from shells 1 and 2 have five d orbitals

Question 23

how many different f orbitals are there

Answer 23

There are seven different f orbitals

Question 24

how many f orbitals do the electron shells contain

Answer 24

Shells 4 and above have seven f orbitals

cc

Question 25

subshells = sublevels What is a subshell

Answer 25

A subshell is all/consists0 of the orbitals of the same type in he same shell e.g. the 1 s subshell - s in shell 1 2p subshell - p p p in shell 2 3d subshell - d d d d d in shell 3 4f subshell - f f f f f f f in shell 4 https://slideplayer.com/5939515/20/images/33/Principle+energy+level+(n)+Type+of+sublevel.jpg

Question 26

what do different subshells have how does this property change, as we move away from the nucleus

Answer 26

Different subshells have different energies As we move away from the nucleus, the energy of the subshells increases shell 1 - 1s - lowest shell 2 - 2s .......... 2p shell 3 - 3s shell 3 - 3p - highest

Question 27

rules to show how electrons fill the orbitals Rules for filling atomic orbitals

Answer 27

Orbitals with the lowest energy are filled first We can have up to two electrons in the same orbital but they must have opposite spins If we have orbitals with the same energy, then we put electrons into individual orbitals before we pair them That is because electrons in the same orbital repel

Question 28

things to notice when putting electrons into orbitals what does arrow show (what type of arrow is it) what does the electron configuratio show

Answer 28

with H has 1e- the lowest energy l-orbital is 1s orbital in shell 1 half arrow to show the electron's spin electron configuration - shorthand version showing just the subshells

Question 29

electron configuration of Hydrogen

Answer 29

1s1

Question 30

draw the electrons in their orbitals for nitrogen and state the electron configuration

Answer 30

1s2 2s2 2p3 all p orbitals in 2p subshell have the same energy if we have orbitals with the same energy we put electrons into individual orbitals before we pair them electron configuration does not show the individual orbitals in the 2p subshell this is because the electron configuration only shows the subshells not the individual orbitals

Question 31

how many orbitals does the d subshell contain

Answer 31

D subshell contains 5 orbitals

Question 32

what is special about the 4s subshell

Answer 32

The energy of the 4s subshell is less than the energy of the 3d subshell (orbitals in 3d subshell) This means that we will fill the 4s subshell before we start filling the 3d subshell

Question 33

Electron configuration of iron Draw/assigning electrons in their orbitals how we assign electrons to different atomic orbitals

Answer 33

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Question 34

how is the electron configuration always written

Answer 34

The electron configuration is always written in the order of the electron shells - not the order of filling

Question 35

What two exceptions are there for electron configuration

Answer 35

Chromium Copper

Question 36

Write out the expected and actual electron configuration for chromium

Answer 36

Chromium - Expected 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 Chromium - Actual 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

Question 37

Write out the expected and actual electron configuration for copper

Answer 37

Copper - Expected 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 Copper - Actual 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

Question 38

Describe how chromium and copper are different

Answer 38

Don't follow rules of electron configuration/assigning electrons to orbitals In both cases, the 4s subshell contains only one electron even though there are electrons in the 3d subshell

Question 39

Explain the reason why chromium and copper are different

Answer 39

Answer: 3d subshell The 3d subshell is more stable when it is either half full or completely full In the case of chromium, by having only one electron in the 4s subshell it can have a half full 3d subshell In the case of copper, by only having one electron in the 4s subshell, it can have a completely full 3d subshell

Question 40

State the link between the electron configuration of an element with its place in the periodic table

Answer 40

Periodic table can be divided into different blocks Each block is named after the subshell containing the highest energy electron for the element of that block In the S block In all of these elements, the highest energy electron is in an s subshell For the elements in the p block, the highest energy electron is in a p subshell In the d block, the highest energy electron in all of the elements is in a d subshell For all of the elements in the f block, the highest energy electron is in an f subshell

Question 41

All orbitals in the same subshell have the same_______

Answer 41

All orbitals in the same subshell have the same energy

Question 42

Label the periodic table in terms of blocks

Answer 42

e..g silicon 2nd element in p subshell

Question 43

what do periods represents

Answer 43

the number of electron shells an atom has