Atomic Structure And The Periodic Table

Question 1

talk to me about a proton.

Answer 1

relative mass of 1
relative charge +1

Question 2

talk to me about a neutron.

Answer 2

relative mass 1
relative charge 0

Question 3

talk to me about an electron.

Answer 3

relative mass very small
relative charge -1

Question 4

what is a nuclear symbol?

Answer 4

used to describe atoms

Question 5

what is mass number?

Answer 5

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 6

What is atomic number?

Answer 6

Number of protons in an atom

Question 7

What are elements?

Answer 7

Substances made up of atoms with the smae atomic number

Question 8

What are isotopes?

Answer 8

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 9

What is relative atomic mass (RAM)?

Answer 9

The average mass number for an element

Question 10

How do you work out RAM (A with a little r)?

Answer 10

Alittle r = sum of (isotope abundance x isotop mass number) / total abundance of all isotopes

Question 11

What is a compound?

Answer 11

Substance formed from 2 or more elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions

Question 12

What is a molecule?

Answer 12

Particle containing 2 or more non-metal atoms bonded covalently. Molecules can be elements (if they only have one type of atom) or compounds

Question 13

What does a chemical formula show?

Answer 13

The proportion of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 14

What does a chemical equation show?

Answer 14

The overall change in a reaction

Question 15

What is a mixture?

Answer 15

Substances made up of different elements or compounds that aren’t chemically bonded to each other. The chemical properties of a substance aren’t affected by neing part of a mixture.

Question 16

What is filtration?

Answer 16

Seperates insoluble solids from liquids and solutions. It can be used to separate out a solid product, or purify a liquid by removinf insoluble impurities.

Question 17

What is evaporation?

Answer 17

Separates soluble salts from solution.
Slowly heat your solution in an evaporating dish, then the crystals dry out as solvent evaporates

Question 18

What is crystallisation?

Answer 18

Also separates soluble salts from solution.
Heat solution, but cool it when crystals start to form > large crystals form as solution cools > filter out crystals and leave to dry

Question 19

What is simple distillation?

Answer 19

Put mixture in, heat it up, then the part with the lowest boiling point evaporates first. It vapourises and gets cooled and condenses in the condenser (water goes in and out) then you collect the pure liquid.

Question 20

what is fractional distillation?

Answer 20

Mixture of liquids at the bottom, fractionating column is filled with glass rods. Liquids reach the top of the column when the temperature at the top matches their boiling point. They go through the condenser then the fractions get collected separately

Question 21

what is the model of an atom at the start of the 1800s?

Answer 21

atoms described as solid spheres that can’t be divided

Question 22

what is the model of an atom in 1897?

Answer 22

‘Plum pudding’ model - ball of positive charge containing small negative electrons

Question 23

what is the model of an atom in 1909?

Answer 23

nuclear model - mass is concentrated in a positive nucleus with a cloud of electrons (and mostly empty space)

Question 24

what is the model of an atom in 1913?

Answer 24

Bohr model - electrons orbit nucleus in fixed shells

Question 25

what is the model of an atom in later experiments?

Answer 25

nucleus contains protons, which give it its positive charge

Question 26

what is the model of an atom in 1932?

Answer 26

James Chadwick provided evidence that neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus

Question 27

Talk to me about electronic structure.

Answer 27

Electrons occupy shells (sometimes called energy levels) They fill each shell up before occupying a new one, starting with the lowest energy Lowest energy shells are closest to the nucleus

Question 28

how many electrons are allowed in the first shell?

Answer 28

2

Question 29

how many electrons are allowed in the second shell?

Answer 29

8

Question 30

how many electrons are allowed in the third shell?

Answer 30

8

Question 31

how many electrons are allowed in the fourth shell?

Answer 31

2 I think

Question 32

what is the last option for electronic structure?

Answer 32

calcium (2.8.8.2)

Question 33

talk to me about Mendeleev’s table.

Answer 33

before atomic structure was discovered, atomic weight was used to order elements. In Mendeleev’s Table of Elements, the elements were grouped using their properties, instead of strictly following atomic weight.

Question 34

What was interesting about Mendeleev’s table?

Answer 34

he left gaps in the table to keep groups together (and later new elements that fitted the gaps were discovered) he swapped some elements around in places where ordering by atomic weight didn’t fit the pattern (then isotopes were discovered and expalined why they couldn’t be arranged by atomic weight)

Question 35

what does the group number show?

Answer 35

the number of electrons in the outer shell

Question 36

what does the period number show?

Answer 36

the number of shells with electrons in

Question 37

what are metals?

Answer 37

elements that can form positive ions when they react

Question 38

what are non-metals?

Answer 38

elements that don’t generally form positive ions

Question 39

Talk to me about metals

Answer 39

get a full outer shell by losing electrons more reactive when they lose electrons more easily more reactive towards the bottom left of the periodic table

Question 40

talk to me about non-metals

Answer 40

get a full outer shell by gaining or sharing electrons more reactive when they gain electrons more easily more reactive towards the top right of the periodic table

Question 41

what are the properties of metals?

Answer 41

they appear shiny they are strong but malleable they have high melting and boiling points they are good electrical and thermal conductors

Question 42

what are the properties of non-metals?

Answer 42

they appear dull they are brittle they have low melting and boiling points they are poor electrical and thermal conductors

Question 43

what are transition metals?

Answer 43

metals in the centre of the periodic table

Question 44

what are 6 examples of transition metals?

Answer 44

1: Cr (chromium) 2: Mn (manganese) 3: Fe (iron) 4: Co (cobalt) 5: Ni (nickel) 6: Cu (copper)

Question 45

what are 3 differences of transition metals?

Answer 45

1: they have multiple ions (Fe 3+, Fe 2+ etc.) 2: they form colourful compounds 3: they can be good catalysts

Question 46

what are the alkali metals?

Answer 46

common name for the Group 1 metals

Question 47

what are the trends of group 1?

Answer 47

As you go DOWN the group: Reactivity increases Melting and boiling points decrease relative atomic mass increases

Question 48

what are the 3 properties of the group 1 metals?

Answer 48

1: they’re much more reactive 2: they’re less dense and softer 3: they have lower melting points

Question 49

what is the metal + water reaction?

Answer 49

metal + water > metal hydroxide + hydrogen

Question 50

what is the metal + chlorine reaction?

Answer 50

metal + chlorine > metal chloride

Question 51

what is the metal + oxygen reaction?

Answer 51

metal + oxygen > metal oxide

Question 52

what are the group 0 elements?

Answer 52

non-metals with full outer shells

Question 53

talk to me about group 0.

Answer 53

their electronic structure is stab le so they are unreactive All group 0 elements are colourless monatomic gases at room temperature As you go down the group the boiling point increases

Question 54

what are the group 7 elements?

Answer 54

non-metals known as halogens

Question 55

what does fluorine look like?

Answer 55

yellow gas

Question 56

what does chlorine look like?

Answer 56

dense green gas

Question 57

what does bromine look like?

Answer 57

volatile red-brown liquid

Question 58

what does iodine look like?

Answer 58

dark grey solid or purple vapour

Question 59

what are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine?

Answer 59

halogens

Question 60

what happens as you go down the group?

Answer 60

reactivity decreases melting and boiling points increase relative molecular mass increases

Question 61

are the halogens diatomic or monatomic?

Answer 61

diatomic

Question 62

what 2 ways can halogens react to fill their outer shell?

Answer 62

1: Sharing electrons - halogens form covalent bonds with other non-metals to form molecular compounds 2: gaining an electron - halogens form ionic compounds when they react with metals - as they gain one electron, they form 1- ions called halides

Question 63

what can more reactive halogens do?

Answer 63

displace less reactive ones (eg, Cl2 + 2KBr > Br2 + 2KCl)