Atomic Structure

Question 1

What is isotopes?

Answer 1

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 2

How many orbitals are there and what are they labelled as?

Answer 2

4. They are labelled as s,p,d and f.

Question 3

Defined first ionization energy,

Answer 3

The first ionization of energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electron from one mole of gaseous atom forming one mole of gaseous 1+ ion.

Question 4

What are the factors affecting ionization energies?

Answer 4

Nuclear charge, size of atom/ion and shielding effect.

Question 5

What is the trend in ionization energies down the group and across the period?

Answer 5

Across the period : In general, IE increases because nuclear charge increases
Down the group : IE decreases down the group. atomic radii increases, electrons further away fro the nucleus. Despite the increase in nuclear charge, shielding effect increases, hence less energy required to remove the outer electron. Therefore, IE decreases.

Question 6

What are the anomalies?

Answer 6

• First IE drops between group II and group III
• First IE drops between group V and group VI
• First IE of sodium is lower than that of Ne