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Physics Paper 1 > atomic structure > Flashcards

atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

what are in atoms

A

postive charged protons, neutral neutrons, negative charged electrons

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2
Q

what is energy lever

A

the energy level of distance of electrons from atom

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3
Q

further away it is from energy level…

A

higher energyy

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4
Q

when can energy level change

A

absorb electromagentic radition from low energy level to high
emission of electrogmgetnci raditon from high level go back orginal.

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5
Q

what is a isotope

A

atom same element different number of neutrons

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6
Q

what is atomic number

A

number of protons equal to the number of electrons

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7
Q

what is the mass number

A

protons and neutrons together.

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8
Q

what happens when atom loose a isotope

A

atom turn postive ion

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9
Q

what was Dalton theory

A

atoms thought tiny and soild sphere that can’t be subdivided or broken

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10
Q

devlopment of atom -

A
  1. thought tiny sphere can’t be subdivided or broken - Dalton
  2. Plum pudding model, atom is ball of psotive charge with negative electron embedded- Thompson
  3. Alpha scattering experiment, nuclear mdoel replace plum pudding conclsuion of mass of atom concentraed at centre and was charged with +, - – Rutherford
  4. Bohr experiment and observaton, adpat nuclear model by suggest that electron orbit cuclear specific distance
  5. Rutherford more experiment - protons name was given
  6. Chadwick, show existenc of neutron in nuclear.
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11
Q

what is radioactive decayy

A

isoptope unstable nucleaus in becoming stable nucleus give radition, in random process

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12
Q

what is activity + unit

A

rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays. becquerel,Bq

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13
Q

what is a count-rate

A

number of decays recorded each second by detector.

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14
Q

what detector use for count rate and activty of source

A

gieger-muller tube

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15
Q

what is alpha element like - what happes

A

4 HE 2, subtratcing 4 and 2

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16
Q

what is beta elemnt like - what happens

A

0 E -1, adding 1

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17
Q

nuclear radiation types

A

alpha, btea, gamma, neutron

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18
Q

what is alpha + sign

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons, same as helium nucleus

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19
Q

what ionising is alpha and passess through

A

strong, pass through single sheet paper

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20
Q

how long alpha in air and where from nucleus

A

5cm, ejected from nucleus

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21
Q

what hazard is alpha

A

highly likely absorved causes damage if pass through live cells

22
Q

what is beta raditiaion and sign

A

high speed electron ejected from nucleus as a neutron turns into proton.

23
Q

what ionsing and passess throgh beta

A

moderately, pass thorugh paper but stops at aluminiium

24
Q

how long beta in air and from where in nculeus

A

15cm, ejected from nucleus

25
Q

what hazard is beta

A

damage if absorbed in cells and can penetrate body to inner organs

26
Q

what is gamma ray and sign

A

electromagnetic radiation from nucleus

27
Q

what ionsing and passes through gamma

A

least ionsing, and pass through paper, aluminium and lead

28
Q

how long in air is gamma and from where in nuclues

A

several metres in air before stop, and emitted from nucleus

29
Q

the hazrad of gamma ray

A

pass through living cells without absorbed and cause ionisation

30
Q

what are advantagge of long isotope half-life

A

-stable
-emit radioation slowly ( less hazardous exposure)
-remain radioactive.

31
Q

what are advatage of short isoptoe half-life

A

-unstable
-emit radiation faster (exposure to hazardous)
-not remain radioactive for long

32
Q

where does bakcground radition come from

A

natural sources and man made

33
Q

natural sources types in background radiation

A
  • radioactive rock , ground find with granite
    -cosmic ray from space, very high enrgy particles travel through space and crash into earth atmosphere
34
Q

man made types of background radiatiom

A

-Fallout from nuclear weapon testing, release radioactive isotope into environment for decades.
-Nuclear accident, radioactive isotope realse by accident at nuclear power station

35
Q

what is irradiation

A

exposure an object to nuclear radiation

36
Q

danger of irradiation to human

A

damage cells, DNA, cause cancer

37
Q

example of irradiation

A

sterelization to kill bacteria, medical equipement sterlised by heating.

38
Q

irridation method to object for sterlise syringe

A
  1. place inside sealed plastic wrapper to stop bacteria enter after sterliling
  2. place object near radioactive isotope that emit gamma radiaition to irrdate objects
39
Q

what is radioactive contamination

A

unwanted presnese of materials containing radioactive atoms on other material

40
Q

what is contamination

A

occur when object is exposured to source of radiation outside the object

41
Q

hazard of contamination

A
  • decay of contaminating atoms
    -burns
    -cancer risk
  • contaminate soil
42
Q

what is nuclear radiation used for in medicine

A

-exploartion of internal organs
-control or strcution of unwnated tissue

43
Q

what is tracer

A

radioactive isotope into system

44
Q

example of nuclear radition in medicine

A
  • medical tracer exploration of internal organ, radioactive isotpe injected/ingested into body so movement can track and dectected outside.
    -monitor kidney function, isotope will pass through kidney used
    -look for damage/blockage intensines, detect tumour
45
Q

why must tracer have short life

A

so not present in body for long period

46
Q

what is nuclear fission

A

splitting of large and unstable nuclues

47
Q

what happens during nuclear fission + show

A

split into 2 smaller nuclei and emit2/3 neutrons and gamma ray, energy released

48
Q

what must be absorbed for nuclear fission, and involve

A

a neutron and involve chain reaction

49
Q

what is chain reaction

A

controlled in nuclear reactor to control the energy released

50
Q

what is nuclear fusion

A

joining 2 light nuclei to from a heavier nucleus

51
Q

what happens to mass in nuclear fusion

A

some mass may be converted into the energy of radiation

52
Q
A

Physics Paper 1 (5 decks)

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