Atomic Structure Flashcards
Why do the electrons in an orbital have opposite spins
To minimise repulsion between electrons
Aufbau principal
Electrons enter lowest energy level available
Hunds rule
Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals on their own and only pair up when no empty orbitals
Special rule for the transition metals electron configuration
Loose from 4s then 3d
Special rule for orbitals
4s level and 3d level overlap
Which transition metals have unusual configurations
Cr and Cu
Define ionisation energy
energy required to remove one mole of the outer most electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms or ions
successive ionisation energies
Get greater each time due to there being the same number of protons but less electrons and so becomes harder to remove
first ionisation energy
Energy required to remove the outermost electron from a gaseous atom or ion
the 2 types of ionisation in mass spectrometry
electron impact - electron is knocked off each particle by the high energy electrons to form 1+ ions
electrospray - sample in volatile solvent , hypodermic needle attached to positive terminal of power supply , particles gain a proton
acceleration in mass spectrometry
ions attracted by negative plate and travel in a narrow beam
ion drift in mass spectrometry
lighter particles move faster and so have a shorter time of flight
equation for time of flight
t=d/v
detection in mass spectrometry
+ ions hit a - plate and produce an electric current ( which is proportional to the number of ions ) , a signal is then passed to the computer which then generates a mass spectrum
Ar equation
sum of (m/z x abundance) / sum of abundance
