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GCSE Physics > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

State the radius of an atom

A

1 x 10(-10) meters

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2
Q

State the radius of a typical nucleus

A

1 x 10(-14) metres

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3
Q

How does the radius of a nucleus compare to that of an atom

A

At least 10,000 times smaller

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4
Q

Where is most of the mass concentrated in an atom

A

The nucleus

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5
Q

How are electrons arranged in atoms?

A

They orbit the nucleus in energy levels

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6
Q

What happens when an electron absorbs EM radiation?

A

They get excited and move to a higher energy level

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7
Q

What happens when an electron emits EM radiation

A

It becomes de-excited and moves to a lower energy level

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8
Q

State the mass of a proton

A

1

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9
Q

State the mass of a neutron

A

1

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10
Q

State the mass of an electron

A

1/2000

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11
Q

state the charge of a proton

A

+1

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12
Q

State the charge of an electron

A

-1

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13
Q

State the charge of a neutron

A

0

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14
Q

State where the protons are found

A

The nucleus of the atom

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15
Q

State where the protons are found

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

State where the electrons are found

A

In energy levels orbiting the nucleus

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17
Q

What does the atomic number tell us?

A

The number of protons which determines what is the element is

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18
Q

What does the mass number tells us?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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19
Q

How can we calculate the number of neutrons in atom has

A

By subtracting the atomic proton number from the atomic mass number

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20
Q

State why the atoms have no overall charge

A

They have the same number of positive protons and a negative electrons of the charges cancel out

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21
Q

Define ion

A

A charged particle that has either gained or lost an electron

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22
Q

How can atoms turn into positive ions?

A

They lose one or more outer electrons

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23
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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24
Q

What can led to the scientific model being replaced?

A

New experimental evidence

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25
Q

Before the electron were discovered atoms what we are atoms thought to be

A

Tiny indivisible Spears

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26
Q

What discovery led to JJ, Thompson’s plum pudding model

A

The electron

27
Q

Describe the plum pudding model

A

A positive ball of charge with a negative electrons embedded into it

28
Q

State the results of the alpha scattering experiment

A

Most particles pass straight through

Some deflected by small angles

A few deflected by large angles

29
Q

What conclusion was made from the alpha scattering experiment?

A

The mass of an atom is concentrated at the centre (nucleus). The nucleus was charged and most of the atom actually consisted of empty space.

30
Q

Name of the atomic model developed based on Rutherford alpha scattering experiment

A

The early nuclear model

31
Q

Why was thin, gold foil used?

A

Because it was one atom, thick

32
Q

What improvements did Niels Bohr suggest

A

Electrons orbit at specific distances

33
Q

Name the first subatomic particles in the nucleus to be discovered

A

Proton

34
Q

What did James Chadwick discover?

A

The neutron

35
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

The breakdown of unstable nuclei, which emit radiation as they change to become different elements that are more stable

36
Q

Can we predict when an atom will decay

A

No, it is a random process

37
Q

Define activity

A

The rate how fast at which a source or nuclei decays

38
Q

State that unit of activity

A

Bq

39
Q

Name three different types of radiation

A

Alpha particle (a)

Beta particle (B)

Gamma particle (Y)

40
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

Helium nucleus, which contains two neutrons and two protons

41
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

High-speed electron ejected from the nucleus

42
Q

How much is an alpha particle be represented in a nuclear equation?

A

4
He
2

43
Q

How might a beta particle be represented in a nuclear equation?

A

0
e
-1

44
Q

What is a gamma ray?

A

A type of electromagnetic radiation

45
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

Radiation that removes electrons from atoms that it interacts with

46
Q

What type of radiation is the most ionising

A

Alpha

47
Q

What type of radiation is least ionising?

A

Gamma

48
Q

Which type of radiation is most penetrating?

A

Gamma

49
Q

Which type of radiation is least penetrating

A

Alpha

50
Q

Define half life

A

The time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to half

51
Q

What is radioactive contamination?

A

When radioactive atoms attach to other materials

52
Q

What is irradiation?

A

Exposing an object to nuclear radiation

53
Q

What are the natural sources of background radiation?

A

Rock and cosmic rays from space

54
Q

What are the man-made sources of background radiation?

A

Nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents

55
Q

What are the uses of radiation in medicine?

A

Exploration of internal organs and the control of destruction of unwanted tissue

56
Q

I what is nuclear fission

A

The splitting of a large and unstable nucleus

57
Q

What is usually needed for fission?

A

The unstable nucleus absorbs a neutron

58
Q

What happens to a nucleus, undergoing fission

A

Split into two smaller nuclei

59
Q

What is emitted during fission

A

Two or three neutrons, gamma rays, and energy?

60
Q

What is a chain reaction?

A

Emitted neutrons go onto cause further fission reactions

61
Q

how is a chain reaction controlled in a nuclear reactor?

A

Control rods

62
Q

Give an example of an uncontrolled chain reaction

A

Nuclear explosion

63
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

The joining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

64
Q

What are the man-made sources of background radiation?

A

Nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accident 

GCSE Physics (7 decks)

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