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Physics > Atomic structure > Flashcards

Atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is atomic energy?

A

it is the attraction between the nucleus and the orbiting electrons

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2
Q

does the chemical properties remain the same for isotopes?

A

yes

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3
Q

what is a radioisotope?

A

imbalance between neutrons and protons becomes too large

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4
Q

what is radioactivity?

A

spontaneous emission of particles, EM radiation or both due to an unstable nuclei

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5
Q

what is nuclear BE?

A

energy to split a nuclei into its component nucleons

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6
Q

what is a radioactive family?

A

describes the multiple decay process until a stable nucleus is reached

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7
Q

what is the number of protons called?

A

atomic number

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8
Q

what are the shells?

A

k = 2, l = 8, m = 18

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8
Q

what are the shells?

A

k = 2, l = 8, m = 18

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9
Q

what are leptons?

A

lightweight particles, which can’t further divide i.e electrons

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10
Q

what are hadrons?

A

heavyweight particles which can further divide i.e protons and neutrons (quarks)

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11
Q

what is the charge in up quarks?

A

+2/3

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12
Q

what is the charge in down quarks?

A

-1/3

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13
Q

what happens when protons repel?

A

cause the nucleus to break

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14
Q

properties of alpha particles?

A
  • low velocity
  • short distance
  • influenced by magnetic and electric fields
  • large mass
  • +2e charge
  • interactions likely lose energy
  • radium 223 alpha emitter
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15
Q

what is the number of protons and neutrons in alpha?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons (2+ charge)
reduces the ration of p: n making it more stable, emission is associated with the breakdown of heavy elements
(226, 88) -> (222, 86) + (4,2 alpha)

16
Q

describe the BE of the shells?

A

BE for k is greater due to being closer to the nucleus, attraction is greater, energy decreases as the number of shells increases, in order to remove an electron this energy must be overcome

17
Q

what are the 2 forms of beta particles?

A

positive and negative

18
Q

what is the beta mass = to?

A

electron mass

19
Q

what happens when beta particles hit a liquid?

A

leaves a track of light which bounces everywhere, superficial uses for treatment

20
Q

what is beta negative?

A

it is when a neutron becomes a proton, an electron (negatrons) and an antineutrino.
it has the same charge as an electron

21
Q

why does a beta particle become negative?

A

when there is excess neutrons

22
Q

what are the beta emitters?

A

strontium -89, samarium, which are taken up like calcium in bone, useful for bone metastases

23
Q

what are beta negative properties?

A
  • causes ionisation in any transverse medium
  • deflected by magnetic and electrical fields
  • act as electrons
  • localised damage to tissues
  • greater range
24
Q

how does a beta positive form?

A

it is when there is excess protons, so a proton changes to a neutron, a positron (+ electron) and a neutrino
the neutron: proton ratio is too low

25
Q

what happens to the number of p and n when a beta + forms?

A

number of neutrons increases by 1 and proton number decreases by 1

26
Q

what happens to the deflection of beta positive?

A

they are deflected by electrical and magnetic fields in the opposite direction

27
Q

what is an antineutrino?

A

it is the antimatter of a neutrino, which carries no charge at rest, with no mass. When in motion it possesses energy

28
Q

what is the difference between antineutrino and a neutrino?

A

intrinsic spinning motion

29
Q

production of gamma radiation?

A

it occurs when the nucleus sheds its surplus energy by emitting one or more photons of high energy EM radiation

30
Q

what is metastable state?

A

temporary excited condition of the radionuclide

31
Q

what is isometric transition?

A

subsequent transition from metastable to stable

32
Q

what is the gamma ray?

A

photon/ high energy + short wavelength

33
Q

what is annihilation energy?

A

it is when a positron and electron collides destroying each other, creating a photon burst and two gamma rays (each have 0.51 MeV, travel 180 from each other)

34
Q

properties of gamma rays?

A
  • not influenced by electrical and magnetic fields
  • no mass
  • no charge
  • more penetrating
  • ionising
  • EM radiation
35
Q

what are the values for gamma rays?

A

1.17 MeV and -1.33 MeV

36
Q

when is gamma radiation used?

A

deep lying lesions

37
Q

what is a use of gamma radiation?

A

Radionuclide imaging and radiotherapy

38
Q

What is also produced alongside 2 gamma rays?

A

a more stable nuclei and a negatron

Physics (25 decks)

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