Atomic Nuclear Structures

Question 1

What are three components of an atom?

Answer 1

• Protons
• Electrons
• Neutrons

Question 2

Charge and AMU of an Proton?

Answer 2

+1 charge and 1 AMU.

Question 3

Charge and AMU of neutrons

Answer 3

No charge and 1 AMU.

Question 4

Charge and mass of election

Answer 4

-1 charge, 1/1836 AMU

Question 5

Where are protons and neutrons located in the atom?

Answer 5

Located in the nucleus, held together by the nuclear force.

Question 6

Where are electrons in the atom?

Answer 6

Located in the electron shell/electron cloud which orbits around the nucleus.

Question 7

How are electrons held in orbit?

Answer 7

• The attractive force between the electron and nucleus.
• Centrifugal force.

Question 8

Excitation

Answer 8

The process of adding energy to a nucleus or electron cloud, causing it to transition from a ground state to an excited state.

Question 9

Ionization

Answer 9

The process of adding or removing an electron from a stable atom

Question 10

What are the symbols associated with atomic notation?

Answer 10

Z- Atomic Number
X- Chemical symbol
A- Atomic Mass Number

Question 11

Atomic number

Answer 11

The number of protons in an atom.

Question 12

Atomic mass number

Answer 12

= total number of protons and neutrons (the nucleons) in an atom

Question 13

Nuclide

Answer 13

The specific number of protons and neutrons that make up an atom.

Question 14

Radionuclide

Answer 14

A radioactive nuclide

Question 15

Isotopes

Answer 15

Elements with the same number of protons (Z), but different numbers of neutrons (N).

Question 16

What are four examples of an isotope?

Answer 16

H-1
H-3
Am-241
U-238
Po-210
Pb-210

Question 17

Define contamination

Answer 17

A radioactive substance dispersed in or on materials or in places where it is undesirable.

Question 18

Define radiation

Answer 18

Energy propagating in the forms of particles or electromagnetic waves.

Question 19

What are the two types of radiation?

Answer 19

Particulate and electromagnetic.

Question 20

Give the verbatim definition of Ionizing radiation

Answer 20

“Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter”.

Question 21

Direct ionizing radiation
DISREGARD

Answer 21

Charge particles radiations that produce ionizations. Interact directly with orbital electrons through electrostatic forces.

Question 22

Indirect ionizing radiation
(DISREGARD

Answer 22

Electromagnetic and neutron radiation that produce fast moving charged particles through collisions with matter.

Question 23

Three primary electric field interactions

Answer 23

*Ionization
*Excitation
*Bremsstrahlung

Question 24

Describe ionization

Answer 24

Produces ion pairs; one or more free electrons along with a positively charged atom (ion). Both the charged atom and the free electrons can react with other atoms in their vicinity to produce changes in the material.

Question 25

Describe excitation
Idc

Answer 25

The nucleus or electron shell has energy input which makes the nucleon or electron above its ground state. It occurs when radiation deposits energy, but the energy is not sufficient to produce ion pairs.

Question 26

Describe Bremmsthrahlung

Answer 26

X-rays emitted from a charge particle due to radial acceleration (negative acceleration or deceleration)