Atomic And Electronic Structure

Question 1

Energy, frequency and wavelength relationship

Answer 1

Energy and frequency are directly related. Wavelength is inversely related to energy and frequency. The HIGHER the frequency, the GREATER the energy and the SHORTER the wavelength

Question 2

Electromagnetic radiation from lowest energy to highest energy:

Answer 2

Lowest energy (highest wavelength)
Roman
Men
Invented
Very
Unusual
X-ray
Guns
Highest energy (shortest wavelength)
(Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-ray Guns)

Question 3

Is N₂ paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

Answer 3

Diamagnetic

Question 4

Is O₂ paramagnetic or diamagnetic

Answer 4

Paramagnetic

Question 5

The strength of ionic bonds depend on:

Answer 5

The charge: the greater the charges of the ion the stronger the bond
The size: the smaller the size of the ion the stronger the bond

Question 6

electron configuration of chromium (Cr):

Answer 6

[Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵

Question 7

electron configuration of copper (Cu):

Answer 7

[Ar] 4s¹ 3d¹⁰

Question 8

electron configuration of silver (Ag):

Answer 8

[Kr] 5s¹ 4d¹⁰

Question 9

electron configuration of gold (Au):

Answer 9

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s¹ 5d¹⁰

Question 10

cations

Answer 10

• positively charged
• atoms that have lost one or more electrons

Question 11

anions

Answer 11

• negatively charged
• atoms that have gained one or more electrons

Question 12

what does Heisenberg uncertainty principle describe?

Answer 12

• it is impossible to perfectly find both, the momentum and the location, of an electron in an atom
• we can only figure out one or the other

Question 13

bonds that have ____ lone pairs on their atoms will generally have lower bond strength. why?

Answer 13

• more
• due to the repulsion between the lone pairs weakening the covalent bond

Question 14

what are the four aspects that bond strength depends on?

Answer 14

1) bond order
2) atomic radii
3) polarity
4) lone pairs

Question 15

formula for calculating formal charge:

Answer 15

formal charge = (# of valence e-) - (# of nonbonding e-) - (# of bonds)

1 lone pair = 2 nonbonding e-, double bond = 2 bonds

Question 16

what atoms cannot obtain a full octect?

Answer 16

Hydrogen, helium, lithium, berylium and boron

Question 17

principle quantum number (n)

Answer 17

• represent main energy level occupied by electrons
• n = the row the atom is in

Question 18

azimuthal quantum number (l)

Answer 18

• describes the shape of the subshells/ orbital shape within each principle energy level
• s, l = 0
• p, l = 1
• d, l =2
• f, l =3

Question 19

magnetic quantum number (m_l)

Answer 19

• describes the orientation of orbitals in space
• s, (m_l) = 0
• p, (m_l) = -1, 0, 1
• d, (m_l) = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
• f, (m_l) = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Question 20

spin quantum numeber (m_s)

Answer 20

• describes the angular momentum of an electron
• either -1/2 or + 1/2
• electrons in the same orbital must have atiparallel spins

Question 21

aufbau principle

Answer 21

• subshells get filled from lower energy to higher energy

Question 22

what does electron configuration tell us?

Answer 22

• the number of electrons in each energy level and the organization of how the subshells are ffilled

Question 23

characteristics of covalent bonds:

Answer 23

• formed between 2 different atoms in which electrons are shared
• atoms typically have similar electronegatvity
• usually involves 2 non-metals

Question 24

covalent bonds are ____ than ionic bonds, so they have ____ melting and boiling points

Answer 24

much weaker
lower

Question 25

what are covalent bonds characterized by?

Answer 25

• bond length: distance between the nuclei of each atom (triple bonds are the shortest, single bonds are longest)
• bond energy: energy needed to break the covalent bond (triple bonds have the highest bond energy, single bonds have the lowest)
• polarity: sharing of electrons (unequal sharing = polar due to dipoles, equal sharing = non-polar)

Question 26

how many orbitals does the s subshell have?

Answer 26

one, spherical shape

Question 27

how many orbitals does the p subshell have?

Answer 27

3, barbell shapped, lie on the x, y, and z axes