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ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE?

A

the layer of air that extends about 100km above the surface of the earth

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE TROPOSHERE?

A

the bottom layer of the atmosphere. it contains about 90% of the air in the atmosphere

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE STRATOSPHERE?

A

the layer in the atmosphere that is found directly above the troposphere

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF DRY UNPOLUTED AIR?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gases ( CO2 and Nobel gases)

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5
Q

WHAT IS OXYGEN ?

A

the most reactive gas in the atmosphere

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE USES OF OXYGEN?

A

uses *in hospitals for people with breathing problems

*in the steel industry for removing impurities from , iron

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7
Q

WHAT IS NITROGEN

A

the most abundant gas in the atmosphere . it is inert due to the large amount of energy needed to break the triple bond

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE USES OF NITROGEN?

A
  • to flush tanks of flammable liquids
  • in food packaging to keep food fresh
  • liquid nitrogen is used for fast freezing fruit
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9
Q

DESCRIBE HOW OXYGEN IS MANUFACTURED

A

LIQUEFACTION– used to turn air to liquid

  • air is filtered to remove dust and then compressed
  • CO2 and water vapour are removed
  • air is then cooled to -170c by expanding it suddenly
  • it is then further cooled to -200c
  • the low temperature liquefies the air

FRACTIONAL DISTILATION–aloows nitrogen and oxygen in liquid air to be boiled off at different temperatures and to be separated from each other

  • luquid air is passed into a fractionating column and allowed to slowly heat
  • nitrogen boils off first at the top of the fractionating column due to its low billing point of -196c
  • oxygen collects and boils off at the bottom of the fractionating column due to its higher boiling point of -183c
  • this happens continuously due to air being constantly added and one end and product being continuously removed from the other end
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10
Q

STATE A CO PRODUCT OF THE MANUFACTURING OF OXYGEN

A

nitrogen

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11
Q

WHAT TWO SUBSTANCES ARE REMOVED BEFORE FRACTIONAL DISTILLMENT IN OXYGEN MANUFACTURING ?

A

water vapour and co2

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12
Q

IS THE MANUFACTURING OF OXYGEN CONTINOUS OR BATCH ? WHY ?

A

continuous as air is constantly being added at one end and products are constantly being removed at the other end continuously

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13
Q

DRAW A LABELED APPARATUS OF A FRACTIONATING COLUMMN MANUFACTURING OXYGEN

A

fractionating column , compressed liquid air , nitrogen at top , oxygen at bottom

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14
Q

WHY IS NITROGEN UNREACTIVE?

A

due to the large amount of energy that is needed to break the triple bond

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15
Q

WHAT IS LIQUEFACTION?

A

turning air to liquid

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16
Q

WHAT IS FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION?

A

allowing nitrogen and oxygen in liquid air to be boiled off at different temperatures and separated from each other

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO STEPS INVOLVED IN OXYGEN MANUFACTURING ?

A

liquefaction and fractional distillation

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE NITROGEN CYCLE?

A

it is a sequence of events which removes nitrogen from the air and then returns nitrogen to the air.

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19
Q

WHAT DOES THE NITROGEN CYCLE INDICATE?

A

it indicates the reason why nitrogen levels in the air remain mainly constant at around 78%

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20
Q

WHY CAN NITROGEN NOT BE USED BY PLANTS?

A

as nitrogen is unreactive

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21
Q

DESCRIBE THE NITROGEN CYCLE

A

NITROGEN FIXATION
–>unnatural-*haber process N2+3H3> 2NH3

  • —>natural
  • electrical storms
  • lightening provides the heat needed for N2 to combust
  • nitrogen combines with oxygen to create nitrogen monoxide
  • nitrogen monoxide combines with oxygen to create nitrogen dioxide
  • nitrogen dioxide combine with water to form nitrous acid and nitric acid
  • nitric acid forms nitrates in the soil for plant roots to absorb to make plant protein

*legume plants
-legume plants in the soil have swellings on their root called nodules
-nodules contain rhizobium bacteria which convert nitrogen to nitrates
-plants absorbs the nitrates through their roots to make plant protein
ANIMALS
-animals eat the plants and convert the plant protein to animal protein
BACTERIA AND FUGI OF DECAY
-decay the dead plants and animal releasing nitrogen
- nitrogen is converted to ammonia by the bacteria and fungi
-also done in urea and sweat
NITRIFYING BACTERIA
-convert ammonia to nitrite and then nitrate
DENITRIFYING BACTERIA
-convert nitrates to nitrogen gas to be released into the atmosphere

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22
Q

DIAGRAM FOR NUTROGEN CYCLE

A

draw out check notes

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23
Q

WHAT IS NITROGEN FIXATION?

A

it is the conversion of nitrogen to compounds that can be absorbed by plants

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24
Q

HOW IS CARBON MONOXIDE FORMED?

A

when carbon is burned incompletely in limited oxygen

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25
Q

WHERE IS CARBON MONOXIDE FOUND?

A

in cigarette smoke or exhaust fumes in cars when the catalytic converter is not preforming efficiently

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26
Q

WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF CARBON MONOXIDE?

A
  • colourless gas with no smell
  • neutral oxide( doesn’t react with acids or bases)
  • poisonous( prevents oxygen being picked up by haemoglobin in the blood)
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27
Q

HOW IS CARBON DIOXIDE FORMED?

A

when carbon is completely burned in excess oxygen

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28
Q

WHAT ARE THE USES OF CO2?

A

used in fire extinguishers and to put fizz in drinks

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29
Q

WHAT IS FORMED FROM CARBON DIOXIDE

A

carbon dioxide is slightly soluble and when dissolved in water it forms carbonic acid > CO2+H2O–> H2CO3

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30
Q

PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE?

A
  • acidic oxide as it increases the hydrogen ion concentrayion in water giving it an acidic solution
  • weak acid
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31
Q

WHAT OCCURS WHEN CARBON DIOXIDE IS DISSOLVED IN WATER

A

it forms carbonic acid

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32
Q

FORMULA FOR FERMENTATION

A

C6H12O6—–yeast—>2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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33
Q

WHEN DOES A CATALYTIC CONVERTER NOT PREFORM EFFICIENTLY ?

A

on short journeys

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34
Q

WHAT IS PRODUCED WHEN A CATALYTIC CONVERTER DOES NOT PREFORM EFFICIENTLY?

A

carbon monoxide

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35
Q

WHAT IS CARBONIC ACID?

A

it is a weak acid that diocciates further to produces hydrogen ions hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonate ions

36
Q

WHAT DOES CARBONIC ACID FORM?

A

hydrogen ions , hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonate ions

37
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE SPECIES CARBONIC ACID CAN EXSIST AS?

A

hydrogen ions , hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonate ions

38
Q

WHAT CAUSES ACIDIC RAIN?

A

carbon dioxide mixing with rainwater and producing carbonic acid which then causes acid rain by increasing the concentration of the hydrogen ions creating an acidic solution (ph 5-6)

39
Q

WHAT IS THE CARBON CYCLE?

A

it is a process which removes co2 from the air , gets used by organism and the later returned to the air

40
Q

WHAT DOES THE CARBON CYCLE INDICATE?

A

why the levels of co2 remain fairly constant at 0.03%

41
Q

EXPLAIN THE CARBON CYCLE

A

1: plants removed co2 from the air to use in photosynthesis , they return the co2 to the air by respiration
2: animals obtain their co2 from consuming plants and then return it to the atmosphere by repiration
3: animals die and over millions of year form fossil fuels .the combustion of fossil fuel returns co2 to the air
4: if co2 mixes with water in rain water or sea water etc , if this water is used to form carbonate rocks eg limestone ,the roasting of this rock will release co2 back into the atmosphere

42
Q

WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

A

it is when heat energy is trapped by gases in the atmosphere

43
Q

WHY IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ESSENTIAL?

A

to keep the earth heated

44
Q

WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES?

A

gases that adsorb heat in the atmosphere

45
Q

WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE FACTOR?

A

it compares the greenhouse effect of different gases ,relative to carbon dioxide

>water vapour = .1
>carbon dioxide = 1
>methane = 30
>dinitrogen oxide = 160
>CFC'S = 21,000-25,000
46
Q

WHICH GAS CONTRIBUTES THE MOST TO THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?why?

A

water vapour as it is there most abundant in the atmosphere

47
Q

WHAT DOES THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER VAPOUR DEPEND ON?

A

the temperature , human activity has a very small effect on water vapour concentration

48
Q

HOW HAVE HUMAN ACTIVITIES ENHANCES THE NATURAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

A

co2= burning of fossil fuel and respiration
meathane=natural gas leaks , rice paddy farms and waste dumps
dinitrogen oxide= car exhaust fumes
cfc’s= aerosol sprays , they are little amounts of cfcs in the air but they have a huge effect due to the larger greenhouse factor

49
Q

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE EHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECTS?

A

cause -global warming (the increase temp of the earth due to enhanced greenhouse effect)

  • melting of ice caps
  • climate change:drier summers and wetter winters
  • rise in sea levels : causes flooding
50
Q

HOW CAN GLOBAL WARMING BE REDUCES? 3 ways

A
  • reduce the burning of fossil fuels and use more renewable energy sources
  • ban cfcs and use cfc substitutes
  • plant more trees
51
Q

WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?

A

the increase of temperature of the earth due to enhanced greenhouse effect

52
Q

WHAT DOES CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSE?

A

drier summers and wetter winters

53
Q

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION

A

a substance in the air to the extent that it poses a hazard to our health or the environment

54
Q

WHY IS RAINWATER SLIGHTLY ACIDIC

A

as carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water to create a weak carbonic acid

55
Q

WHAT IS THE PH OF RAINWATER?

A

5.6

56
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN POLLUTANTS THAT CAUSE ACID RAIN?

A

sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen

57
Q

WHERE IS SULPHUR DIOXIDE PRODUCED NATURALLY?

A

in volcanoes and rotting vegetation

58
Q

WHAT OCCURS WHEN SULPHUR DIOXOIDE DISSOLVES IN RAIN

A

so2+h20= h2so3

it creates sulphurous acid

59
Q

NON NATURALLUY , HOW IS SULPHUR DIOXIDE PRODUCED?

A

by the burning of fossil fuels , mainly coal

S +O2 =SO2

60
Q

HOW IS SULPHUR TRIOXIDE PRODUCED?

A

SO2 + 1\2 O2= SO3

61
Q

HOW IS SULPHUR DIOXIDE PREVENTED BEING RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSHPERE?

A

CACO3 + SO2 = CASO3 + CO2
LIMESTONE SCRUBBERS ARE FITTED IN CHIMNEY STACKS OF COAL FIRED POWER STATIONS TO REMOVE SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM THE GASES BEFORE THEY LEAVE THE POWER STATION

62
Q

WHERE ARE OXIDES OF NITROGEN PRODUCED?

A

in electrical storms or nitrogen fixing bacteria

63
Q

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN?

A
  • kills the fish in lakes
  • erodes limestone building and statues etc
  • extracts minerals such as calcium and magnesium from the soil
64
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE OZONE

A
  • it absorbs ultraviolet radiation preventing them from reaching the earths surface
  • prevents sunburn and skin cancer
65
Q

DESICRIBE THE FORMATION OF THE OZONE

A

o2 + o*= o3

  • ozone is formed in the stratosphere
  • ultraviolet radiation breaks oxygen molecules producing oxygen free radicle
  • these oxygen free radicals combine with oxygen gas to produce the ozone
66
Q

DESCRIBE THE DECOMPOSTION OF THE OZONE

A

03–> 02 + o*
the ozone absorbs ultraviolet light and photo- dissociation of ozone occurs breaking up the ozone into a oxygen molecule and a oxygen free radical

67
Q

DESCRIBE THE REMOVAL OF THE OZONE

A

03+0*—-> 202

the oxygen free radical destroys the ozone by breaking it down to oxygen gas

68
Q

WHY DOES THE OZONE NOT OCCUR IN THE TROPOSPHERE?

A

as there is a lack of ultraviolet radiation in the troposphere

69
Q

WHAT CAN THE PRODUCTS OF THE OZONE DEPLETION AND REMOVAL BE USED FOR ?

A

can be used to form the ozone

70
Q

WHY SHOULD THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE EXPECTED TO REMAIN CONSTANT?

A

as the ozone is being made constantly and destroyed constantly

71
Q

WHEN AND WHERE WAS THE FIRST HOLE IN THE OZONE DISCOVERED?

A

in 1984 over the antarctic

72
Q

WHAT IS THE STATE OF THE OZONE NOW AND WHY?

A

there is a general depletion of the ozone in many places over the world due mainly to chlorine atoms

73
Q

WHAT IS A PHOTO CHEMICAL REACTION?

A

it is a chemical process that absorbs light energy to be used as its energy source eg : photosynthesis

74
Q

WHAT ARE CFC’S

A

chlorofluorocarbons - compounds that contain chlorine , fluorine and carbon

75
Q

GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF CFC’S

A

dichlorofluromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane

76
Q

STATE A FORMER MAJOR USE OF CFC’S

A
  • fridges
  • aerosols
  • air conditioning
77
Q

EXPLAIN HOW CFC’S GIVE RISE TO THE OZONE DEPLTETION

A

CCL3F —-> CCL2F + CL*
CL+ O3—>02+ CLO
CLO* + O—> CL + 02
chain reaction occurs as free chlorine oxide radicle reacts with more co3

78
Q

PRPERTIES OF CFC’S

A

have long residency in troposphere ( up to 100 years) as they are stable and unnreactive

79
Q

HOW DANGEROUS ARE CFC’S TO THE OZONE MOLECULES?

A

very dangerous , one CFC can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules

80
Q

NAME A NON METAL OXIDE RESPONSABLE FOR DESTROYING THE OZONE IN THE STATOSHPERE

A

nitrogen monoxide from lightening NO + 03—> 02 + NO2

81
Q

NAME A SUBSTANCE WHICH HELPS PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE OZONE LAYRE

A

methane , methane reacts with the chlorine atoms in the stratosphere to form hydrogen chloride gas
CH4 + CL*—–> CH3+HCL

82
Q

NAME A REPLACEMENT FOR CFC’S

A

HCFC’S

83
Q

WHAT ARE HCFC’S

A

hydrochlorofluorocarbons

compounds made up of hydrogen , chlorine , carbon and fluorine

84
Q

WHY ARE HCFC’S LESS DANGEROUS THAN CFC’S

A

as they are broken down before they reach the stratosphere as they are more creative

85
Q

GIVE ONE EXAPLME OF HCFC’S

A

chlorodifluoromethane

86
Q

STATE 2 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF HCFC’S

A
  • some still destroy they ozone as they contain chlorine

- contribute to global warming as its a greenhouse gas

87
Q

NAME THE SUBSTITUE FOR CFC’S AND HCFC’S AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

HCF’S hydrofluorocarbons

tetrafluoethane

CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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