ATI Chapters 1-5

Question 1

• refers to how meds travel through the body

- undergo a variety of biochemical processes that result in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Answer 1

Pharmokinetics

Question 2

• the transmission of meds from the location of administration to the bloodstream
  
  • rate of med absorption determines how soon the med will take effect
  • the amount of med the body absorbs determines the intensity of its effects
  • route of administration affects the rate and amount of absorption

Answer 2

Absorption

Question 3

• the transportation of meds to sites of action of bodily fluids
• factors that influence:
  
  • circulation:conditions that inhibit blood flow or perfusion can delay med distribution
  • permeability of the cell membrane:meds must be able to pass through tissues and membranes to reach its target area
  • plasma protein binding:meds compete for protein binding site w/in the blood stream, albumin. Ability to bind can affect how much of the med will leave and travel to target tissues. Toxicity=2 meds competing for the same sites

Answer 3

Distribution

Question 4

• changes meds into less active or inactive forms by the action of enzymes.
• occurs primarily in the liver (kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood)
• factors influencing the rate:
  
  • age, increase in some medication-metabolizing enzymes, first-pass effect, similar metabolic pathways, nutritional status
• outcomes:
  
  • increased renal excretion of med
  • inactivation of meds
  • increased therapeutic effect
  • activation of pro-meds (pro-drugs) into active forms
  • deceased toxicity when active forms of meds become inactive forms
  • increased toxicity when inactive forms of meds become active forms

Answer 4

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Question 5

• the elimination of meds from the body
• primarily occurs in the kidneys (liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands)
  
  • kidney dysfunction can lead to an increase in the duration and intensity of a meds response
    
    • monitory BUN and creatinine levels

Answer 5

Excretion

Question 6

• describes the interactions between meds and target cells, body systems, and organs to produce effects
• these interactions result in functional changes that are the mechanism of action of the med
• agonists:meds that bind to mimic the receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate
• antagonists:meds that can block the usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or the receptor activity of other meds
• partial agonists:act as agonists and antagonists, with limited affinity to receptor sites

Answer 6

Pharmacodynamics

Question 7

• A, B, C, D, X
  
  • category A being safest and category X being the most dangerous
• tetatogenesis from unsafe meds is most likely to occur during the 1st trimester
• determine whether meds are safe for use during pregnancy before administering meds

Answer 7

FDA’s pregnancy risk categories

Question 8

-client’s full name, date and time of the prescription, name of the med (generic or brand), strength and dosage of the med, route of administration, time and frequency of administration (exact times/number of times per day), quantity to dispense and number of refills, signature of the prescribing provider

Answer 8

Components of a medication prescription

Question 9

• medication category/class: meds have a pharmological action, therapeutic use, body system target, chemical makeup, and classification for use during pregnancy
• mechanism of action: how meds produce their therapeutic effect
• therapeutic effect: this is the expected effect (physiological response) for which the nurse administers a med to a specific client. One med can have more than one therapeutic effect
• adverse effects: undesirable and potentially dangerous responses to a med. can be inadvertent or predictable.
• toxic effects: meds can have specific risks and manifestations of toxicity. Develop after taking a med for a lengthy period of time or when toxic amounts build up due to faulty excretion
• medication interactions: resulting in beneficial or harmful effects
• precautions/contraindications: conditions(diseases, age, pregnancy, lactation) that make it risky or completely unsafe for clients to take specific meds. Some require caution with some conditions
• preparation, dosage, administration: important to know any specific considerations and how to administer the med
• nursing complications: know how to monitor therapeutic effects, prevent and treat adverse effects, provide comfort, and instruct clients about the safe use of meds

Answer 9

Knowledge required prior to medication administration

Question 10

• infiltration
• extravasation
• cellulitis
• fluid overload
• catheter embolus
• phlebitis, thrombophlebitis

Answer 10

Potential complications of IV therapy

Question 11

• to administer meds
• to supplement fluid intake
• to replace electrolytes and nutrients

Answer 11

Three indications for IV therapy

Question 12

• nurse must know why a med is prescribed and its intended therapeutic effect to ensure safe medication administration and prevent errors
• nurse must be aware of potential side/adverse effects, interactions, contraindications, and precautions

Answer 12

Medication administration

Question 13

• occur when the med is given at a therapeutic dose

- discontinuation of the med is not usually warranted

Answer 13

Side effects

Question 14

• undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected severe responses to the med
• can occur at both therapeutic and higher than therapeutic doses
• providers will discontinue the med immediately
• reported to the FDA

Answer 14

Adverse effects