ATI Blood Admin Flashcards
allogeneic
- of the same species but antigenically distinct
- applied to blood transfusion, referring to blood from a donor
anaphylaxis
an immediate and life-threatening allergic response characterized by bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and a rapid drop in blood pressure
antibody
type of protein the immune system produces to neutralize a threat of some kind, such as an infecting organism, a chemical, or some other foreign body
antigen
any substance capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of triggering the production of an antibody specific to that substance
apheresis
a process that separates donor blood into its components, removes the needed plasma or cellular elements, and returns the remainder to the donor
autologous
- originating within an organism itself
- applied to blood transfusion, referring to the person’s own blood
blood component
any portion of a unit of blood that can be transfused to meet a patient’s specific needs
blood group
any of the classifications based on the antigens that are found on red blood cells (ABO)
blood product
whole blood or any portion of a unit of blood that can be transfused to meet a patient’s specific needs
compatibility
- the absence of demonstrable immunologic reactivity between a recipient’s serum or plasma and the donor’s cells
- the lack of a transfusion reaction between donor and recipient
cryoprecipitate
an insoluble concentrate of certain coagulation factors obtained from fresh frozen plasma
erythrocyte
- a blood cell whose primary function is oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport
- a red blood cell
granulocyte
- a type of white blood cell with granule-containing cytoplasm
- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
hematocrit
the percentage of a blood sample that is red blood cells
hemoglobin
the red, oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells
leukocyte
a white blood cell
plasma
the liquid portion of the blood in which the particulate components are suspended
platelet
a cellular component of blood that helps with clotting
refractory
- resistant to treatment
- applied to blood transfusion, referring to an immunologic response developed after frequent exposure to donor cells or serum, resulting in resistance to treatment
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
transfusion
introduction of whole blood or blood components directly into the bloodstream
indications for use of whole blood
- when compatible component is not available
- when a pt loses a large amount of blood
Why is whole blood only used in certain circumstances?
it affects volume
fractionating
separating whole blood into components
blood-component therapy
administering only the fractionated components specific to a pt’s needs
packed red blood cells
- RBCs separated from whole blood
- raise hct and hgb levels without significantly raising volume
- kept refrigerated at specific temp or frozen
indications for admin of packed RBCs
- anemia from neoplastic blood disease
- reduced RBC production
- sickle-cell anemia
- blood loss from trauma or surgery
- to offset chemo SE
plasma components
- 92% water
- 7% proteins
- albumin
- fibrinogen
- globulin
- other clotting proteins
plasma function
- medium for exchange of minerals and electrolytes
- medium for elimination of waste products
- maintains blood pressure/volume
- provides essential proteins
plasma indications
- treat bleeding and coagulation disorders
- replace fluid volume for patients with massive burns or liver failure
- replace platelet-aggregating inhibitors in thrombocytopenic purpura or hemolytic uremic syndrome
How soon must plasma be administered once thawed?
within 24 hrs
albumin admin
- given in 5% or 25% solutions
- comes from multiple donors
immune globulin
- concentrated solution of IgG antibody
- prepared from large pools of plasma
- IVIG given to pts at risk for bacterial infection (e.g. chronic leukemia)
- remains viable for 10 hrs at 140F to eliminate viral contaminants
cryoprecipitate antihemophilic factor
- “cryo”
- prepared by slowly thawing frozen plasma and recovering the precipitate
- contains coagulation factors VIII and XIII, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (VIII/vWF), and fibronectin
- transfused to prevent or control bleeding in hemophilia, correct low fibrinogen levels, and treat von Willebrand disease and other clotting disorders
- typically freeze-dried and reconstituted before transfusion via a syringe.
platelets
- helps the clotting process by sticking to the lining of blood vessels
- extracted from plasma by centrifugation
- usually takes several units of whole blood to get enough for treatment
- apheresis or plateletpheresis: centrifuges and extracts platelets while returning red cells and plasma to donor
- usually pooled from up to 10 pts and infused over 15 to 30 minutes
- to treat thrombocytopenia and platelet-function abnormalities
