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z_MEDSURGE: FINAL REVIEW > Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.

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2
Q

What is plaque made of?

A
  • Fat
  • Cholesterol
  • Calcium
  • Other substances found in the blood
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3
Q

What occurs with this plaque over time?

A

Narrows your arteries and limits the flow of O2 to the body’s tissues and organs

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis the usual cause of?

A
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Heart attack
  • Cerebral vascular disease (CVA) or Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
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5
Q

Name four atherosclerosis-related diseases

A
  1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  2. Carotid Artery Disease
  3. Peripheral Artery Disease
  4. Chronic Kidney Disease
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6
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of CHD/CAD

A
  • Atherosclerosis develops within the coronary arteries, which supply O2 directly to the cardiac muscle.
  • As the plaque builds up, it restricts/blocks blood flow to the cardiac muscle
  • The cardiac muscle doesn’t receive its O2 and will lead to irreversible tissue damage (angina/pain), or death.
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7
Q

What is angina and what are the two types?

A
  • Angina is heart pain
  • There is acute and chronic angina
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8
Q

What is important to remember about chronic angina (conditions)?

A

Chronic conditions can always lead to an acute exacerbation of whatever condition

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9
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of Carotid Artery Disease

A
  • plaque build up in the carotid arteries which feed the brain
  • Reduced or blocked flow results in a CVA/Stroke
  • CVA = Cerebrovascular Accident
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10
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of Peripheral Arterial Disease

A

plaque builds up in the major arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the legs, arms, and pelvis.

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11
Q

What are the s/s of PAD?

A

The effected areas may have:

  • numbness,
  • pain,
  • & sometimes infections
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12
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease

A
  • plaque build up in the renal arteries.
  • Over time, chronic kidney disease causes a slow loss of kidney function
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13
Q

What are some early signs of kidney failure?

A
  • Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output remains normal.
  • Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet.
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14
Q

How can we quickly check to assess blockage from atherosclerosis?

A

Palpate the pulses following the effected area, starting at the closest pulse to suspected location

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Lack of exercise - modifiable
  • Smoking - modifiable
  • Unhealthy diet- modifiable
  • High cholesterol
    • may be modifiable PENDING on genetics
  • Age
  • Family history of heart disease
  • Hypertension
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16
Q

Which risk factors of atherosclerosis are modifiable?

A
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • Unhealthy diet
  • High cholesterol (MAYBE)
  • PENDING on genetics
17
Q

What is the MAIN treatment for atherosclerosis?

A

Lifestyle changes

18
Q

In what organ is cholesterol produced?

A

Liver

19
Q

How is cholesterol transported?

A

Via lipoproteins

20
Q

What are the two types of lipoproteins?

A
  • Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • High density lipoprotein (HDL)
21
Q

Describe LDLs

A
  • Bad cholesterol
  • Xports cholesterol throughout the body
  • This is how cholesterol would collect in the artery walls
22
Q

Describe HDLs

A
  • Good cholesterol
  • Removes excess cholesterol (from artery, etc) and xports back to liver for degradation
23
Q

What type of medication is used to help manage atherosclerosis?

A

Statins

24
Q

How do statins help with atherosclerosis?

A

Lowers production of LDLs by the liver

25
Q

How do you identify the generic name of statins?

A

The names will end in “statin”

26
Q

What are three name brands of statins?

A
  • Lipitor
  • Zocor
  • Plavix
27
Q

What is Niacin and how does it help in conjunction with statins?

A
  • It is a vitamin
  • It reduces LDL production
  • It increases HDL production which will help rid the blood vessels of excess cholesterol
28
Q

What do we want to keep in mind for pt teaching for Niacin?

A
  • It causes vasodilation so the PT may become flush and warm
  • Can take an aspirin to manage fever.
29
Q

How is an atherosclerosis blockage assessed for severity?

A
  • Via coronary angiography
  • a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the arteries in your heart.

z_MEDSURGE: FINAL REVIEW (15 decks)

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