atheroscelrosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is one of the most common causes of death in scotland?

A

cardiovascular disease- atherosclerosis

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease in the developing world?

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

is atherosclerosis a multi-system disorder?

A

YES

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4
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the brain?

A

causes cerebral vascular disease leading to a stroke (cerebral infarction)

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5
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the heart?

A

affects coronary arteries- causing ischemic heart disease (little blood/oxygen to cardiac muscle) and myocardial infarction (no blood/oxygen to cardiac muscle)

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6
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the aorta?

A

causes abdominal aneurysm

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7
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the kidneys?

A

causes renal vascular disease

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8
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the gut?

A

causes mesenteric ischemia (abdominal pain after eating)

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9
Q

how does atherosclerosis affect the legs?

A

causes peripheral vascular disease- leading to claudication in legs (pain in calves when walking due to little blood supply to legs)

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10
Q

describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

A
  • progresses overtime
    -damage to inner lining of endothelium
    -chronic inflammation
    -formation of atherosclerotic plaque due to accumulation of fats/platelets/cholesterol and fibrous tissue
    -causing narrowing of lumen= reduced blood/oxygen to tissues- leading to ischemic symptoms
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11
Q

what are the symptoms of ischemic heart disease?

A

angina- chest pain as not enough o2 to cardiac muscle
- stable- chest pain on exertion
-unstable- chest pain at rest

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease?

A

claudication in calves when walking

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of mesenteric ischemia (in gut) ?

A

abdominal pain after eating

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14
Q

what happens when plaque ruptures?

A

-platelets accumulate
-thrombus forms over plaque (blood clot)
-artery blocked
-leads of symptoms of infarction (tissue death)

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15
Q

how does plaque rupture affect the heart, brain, legs and gut?

A

heart- myocardial infarction
brain- cerebral infarction (stroke)
legs- acute gangrene
gut- mesenteric infarction

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16
Q

what can risk factors be categorised into?

A

modifiable and non-modifiable

17
Q

what are examples of non-modifiable risks?

A

-genetics
-age
-gender (more common in males)

18
Q

what are examples of modifiable risks?

A
  • smoking
    -hypertension
    -high cholesterol
    -diabetes
    -overweight
    -alcohol
19
Q

how would you prevent the progression of atherosclerosis?

A

1- lifestyle modifications e.g smoking cessation
2-control of underlying contributory conditions e.g hypertension

20
Q

how is high cholesterol controlled?

A

statins
diet
exercise

21
Q

what is the normal blood pressure level

A

120/80 mmHg

22
Q

what is considered high blood pressure levels?

A

> 140/90 mmHg or >150/90 if 80 years +

23
Q

is hypertension symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

asymptomatic- unless very high

24
Q

what is meant by primary hypertension?

A

NO single underlying cause- but is related to smoking, obesity, alcohol etc

25
Q

what is meant by secondary hypertension?

A

when hypertension is caused by another illness eg renal or endocrine illness

26
Q

what is malignant hypertension?

A

medical emergency- 160/100 mmHg

27
Q

what drugs are used to treat hypertension?

A

combination of meds to reduce blood pressure
- ace inhibitors- “prils”
-angeotensin II antagonist - “sartans”
WILL BE TAKING AT LEAST 1 OF THE ABOVE
-diuretics- bendroflumethazide
-calcium channel blocks- amlodopine
-beta blockers e.g bisoprolol -“orols”

28
Q

what is the target blood pressure level for patients with hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg

29
Q

what should you do if someone has a genetic risk factor?

A

cant change genetics- so must modify other risk factors as the more risk factors you have the greater the risk.