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ABP201 - Civil Works > AT56 - Soil > Flashcards

AT56 - Soil Flashcards

Learn architectural terms relating to Soil.

1
Q

The top layer of the earth’s surface, consisting of disintegrated rock and decayed organic matter suitable for the growth of plant life.

A

SOIL

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2
Q

The fertile surface layer of soil, as distinct from the subsoil.

A

TOPSOIL

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3
Q

The bed or layer of earth immediately beneath the surface soil.

A

SUBSOIL

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4
Q

The unbroken, solid rock that underlies all unconsolidated material on the earth’s surface, such as soil, clay, sand, or rock fragments.

A

BEDROCK

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5
Q

Perennially frozen subsoil in arctic or subarctic regions. Also called pergelisol.

A

PERMAFROST

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6
Q

Perennially frozen subsoil in arctic or subarctic regions. Also called permafrost.

A

PERGELISOL

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7
Q

Soil containing a large amount of organic matter, usually very compressible and having poor load-sustaining properties.

A

ORGANIC SOIL

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8
Q

A diagram of a vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the underlying material, showing a succession of horizons developed by weathering, deposition, or both.

A

SOIL PROFILE

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9
Q

Any of a series of relatively distinct layers of soil or its underlying material found in a vertical section of land.

A

HORIZON

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10
Q

A single bed or layer of sedimentary earth or rock having the same composition throughout, lying between beds of another kind.

A

STRATUM

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11
Q

A process for determining the particle-size distribution in an aggregate, soil, or sediment.

A

SOIL ANALYSIS

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12
Q

A numerical classification of soil by texture, used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: (1) gravel, (2) sand, (3) clay, (4) loam, (5) loam with some sand, (6) silt-loam, and (7) clay-loam.

A

SOIL CLASS

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13
Q

Seven classes of soil by texture as used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

A

GRAVEL, SAND, CLAY, LOAM, LOAM WITH SOME SAND, SILT-LOAM, and CLAY-LOAM

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14
Q

A large, naturally rounded rock, lying on the surface of the ground or partially embedded in it.

A

BOULDER

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15
Q

A naturally rounded stone, smaller than a boulder and larger than a pebble, used for rough paving, walls, and foundations.

A

COBBLE or COBBLESTONE

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16
Q

Small pebbles and stones, or a mixture of this with sand, formed either naturally or by crushing rock, especially such material that will pass a 76-millimeter (or 3-inch) sieve and be retained on a No. 4 or 4.8-millimeter sieve.

A

GRAVEL

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17
Q

Gravel having one or more fractured faces produced by mechanical crushing.

A

CRUSHED GRAVEL

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18
Q

Stone having well-defined edges produced by the mechanical crushing of rocks or boulders.

A

CRUSHED STONE or CRUSHED ROCK

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19
Q

A small-diameter, natural gravel, usually 6.4 millimeters to 9.5 millimeters (or 1/4 inch to 3/8 inch) in size, screened to specification.

A

PEA GRAVEL

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20
Q

A small, rounded stone, especially one worn smooth by the action of water.

A

PEBBLE

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21
Q

A loose, granular material resulting from the disintegration of rocks, consisting of grains smaller than gravel but coarser than silt.

A

SAND

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22
Q

A well-graded, naturally occurring sand often used as a base or subbase material, having about 10% clay or just enough to make the mixture bind tightly when compacted.

A

SAND CLAY

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23
Q

Loose sedimentary material consisting of fine mineral particles between 0.002 millimeters and 0.05 millimeters in diameter.

A

SILT

24
Q

A natural, earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when fired and is used for making brick, tile, and pottery, composed mainly of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter.

A

CLAY

25
Q

Soil containing 27% to 40% clay and 20% to 45% sand.

A

CLAY LOAM

26
Q

A clay formed by the decomposition of volcanic ash, having the ability to absorb large amounts of water and to expand to several times its natural volume.

A

BENTONITE

27
Q

A rich soil containing a relatively equal mixture of sand and silt and a smaller proportion of clay and organic matter.

A

LOAM

28
Q

An unstratified, cohesive, loamy deposit deposited by wind.

A

LOESS

29
Q

Of or pertaining to the practical applications of geological science in civil engineering.

A

GEOTECHNICAL

30
Q

The investigation and classification of a foundation soil based on observation and tests of material disclosed by borings or excavations to obtain the information necessary for the design of a foundation system.

A

FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION or SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION

31
Q

Six technical data necessary for the design of a foundation system, derived during foundation investigation based observations and tests of materials disclosed by borings or excavations performed on foundation soil.

A

SHEARING STRENGTH, COMPRESSIBILITY, COHESION, EXPANSIVENESS, PERMEABILITY & MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL, ELEVATION OF WATER TABLE, AND ANTICIPATED & DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT.

32
Q

The branch of civil engineering that deals with the mechanical behavior of soil when compressed or sheared, or when water flows through it.

A

SOIL MECHANICS

33
Q

The arrangement and aggregation of soil particles in a soil mass.

A

SOIL STRUCTURE

34
Q

An undisturbed, cylindrical sample of earth or rock obtained by means of a core drill and used for analysis and testing of bearing capacity. Also called boring.

A

CORE

35
Q

An undisturbed, cylindrical sample of earth or rock obtained by means of a core drill and used for analysis and testing of bearing capacity. Also called core.

A

BORING

36
Q

The levels of water content defining the boundaries between the different states of consistency of a plastic or cohesive soil, as determined by standard tests.

A

ATTERBERG LIMITS

37
Q

The numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil.

A

PLASTICITY INDEX

38
Q

The water content, expressed as a percentage of dry weight, at which a soil passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

A

LIQUID LIMIT

39
Q

The water content, expressed as a percentage of dry weight, at which a soil loses its plasticity and begins to behave as a solid.

A

PLASTIC LIMIT

40
Q

A soil that can be rolled into threads 3.2 millimeters (or 1/8 inch) in diameter without crumbling.

A

PLASTIC SOIL

41
Q

The water content, expressed as a percentage of dry weight, at which a reduction in water content will not cause a further decrease in the volume of a soil mass.

A

SHRINKAGE LIMIT

42
Q

Any gravel, sand, or silt that exhibits no cohensiveness or plasticity.

A

GRANULAR MATERIAL

43
Q

The property of a porous material that allows a gas or liquid to pass through its pore spaces.

A

PERMEABILITY

44
Q

The ratio of the volume of void spaces to the volume of solid particles in a soil mass.

A

VOID RATIO

45
Q

The void ratio corresponding to the critical density of a soil mass.

A

CRITICAL VOID RATIO

46
Q

The unit weight of a saturated granular material above which it will gain strength and below which it will lose strength when subjected to rapid deformation.

A

CRITICAL DENSITY

47
Q

Any permeable soil that allows the relatively free movement of water.

A

PERVIOUS SOIL

48
Q

Any fine-grained soil, such as clay, having pores too small to permit water to pass except by slow capillary action.

A

IMPERVIOUS SOIL

49
Q

Soil that has considerable strength when unconfined and air-dried, and significant cohesion when submerged.

A

COHESIVE SOIL

50
Q

Soil that has little or no strength when unconfined and air-dried, and litter or no cohesion when submerged.

A

COHESIONLESS SOIL

51
Q

The consolidation of sediment by the weight of overlying deposits, or a similar compression of soil, aggregate, or cementitious material by rolling, tamping, or soaking.

A

COMPACTION

52
Q

The water content of a soil at which maximum density can be attained through compaction.

A

OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT

53
Q

A test for measuring the density of granular soils and the consistency of some clays at the bottom of a borehole, recording the number of blows required by a hammer to advance a standard soil sampler.

A

PENETRATION TEST

54
Q

The unit load required to produce a specified penetration into a soil at a specified rate of penetration.

A

PENETRATION RESISTANCE

55
Q

The property of a soil that enables its particles to resist displacement with respect to one another when an external force is applied, due largerly to the combined effects of cohesion and internal friction.

A

SHEARING STRENGTH or SHEARING RESISTANCE

ABP201 - Civil Works (4 decks)

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