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Dev Psy > ASU Week 1 & 2 > Flashcards

ASU Week 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span

A

Development

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2
Q

Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation

A

Life-span perspective

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3
Q

The upper boundary of human lifespan is ______ years

A

122

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4
Q

The average life
expectancy is _____ years

A

79

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5
Q

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

A

Normative age-graded influences

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6
Q

Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

A

Normative history-graded influences

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7
Q

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

A

Non-normative life events

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8
Q

identify the 3 contemporary concerns

A

– Health and well-being
– Parenting and education
– Sociocultural contexts and diversity

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9
Q

Comparison of one culture with
one or more other cultures

A

Cross-cultural studies

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10
Q

Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

A

Ethnicity

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11
Q

Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

A

Socioeconomic status

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12
Q

Characteristics of people as males or females

A

Gender

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13
Q

National government’s course of
action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

A

Social policy

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14
Q

Behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

A

Culture

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15
Q

Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes

A

The Nature of Development

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16
Q

Changes in an individual’s physical nature

A

Biological processes

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17
Q

Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

A

Cognitive processes

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18
Q

Changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

A

Socioemotional processes

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19
Q

Are bidirectional and inextricably intertwined

A

Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes

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20
Q

Explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain

A

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

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21
Q

Examinesconnections between socioemotional processes,
development, and the brain

A

Developmental social neuroscience

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22
Q

refers to a time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features

A

Developmental period

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23
Q

those who focus on adult development and aging typically describe life-span in terms of four “ages”

A

Four ages

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24
Q

Childhood and adolescence

A

First age

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25
Q

Prime adulthood, ages 20 through 59

A

Second age

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26
Q

Approximately 60 to 79 years of age

A

Third age

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27
Q

Approximately 80 years and older

A

Fourth age

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28
Q

Development in one period is connected to development in another period

A

Periods of Development

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29
Q

Characterizes most individuals

A

Normal aging

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30
Q

Characterizes those who show greater than average decline

A

Pathological aging

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31
Q

Characterizes those whose positive development is maintained longer

A

Successful aging

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32
Q

Provides a portrait of how aging can involve individual variation

A

Three Developmental Patterns of Aging

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33
Q

Significant interaction between periods of the lifespan just as with socioemotional, biological, and cognitive processes

A

Connections Across Periods of Development

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34
Q

Number of years that have elapsed since birth

A

Chronological age

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35
Q

Age in terms of biological health

A

Biological age

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36
Q

Full evaluation of age requires consideration of chronological, biological, psychological, and social age

A

Significance of Age

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37
Q

Individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

A

Psychological age

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38
Q

Connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

A

Social age

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39
Q

Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture

A

Nature-nurture issue

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40
Q

Organism’s biological inheritance

A

Nature

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41
Q

Environmental experiences

A

Nurture

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42
Q

Debate about whether individual

A

Stability-change issue

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43
Q

Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

A

Continuity-discontinuity issue

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44
Q

Approach that can be used
to obtain accurate information

A

Scientific method:

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45
Q

Interrelated, coherent set of ideas
that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions

A

Theory

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46
Q

Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy

A

Hypotheses

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47
Q

Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

A

Psychoanalytic Theories

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48
Q

Stages of human development

A

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

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49
Q

Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

A

Vygotsky’s theory

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50
Q

Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

A

Information-processing theory:

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51
Q

Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments

A

Skinner’s operant conditioning

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52
Q

Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development

A

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

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53
Q

Stresses that behavior is strongly
influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

A

Ethology

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54
Q

Who helped bring ethology to
prominence?

A

Konrad Loren

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55
Q

Attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important
consequences throughout the life span

A

John Bowlby

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56
Q

Five Environmental Systems In
Bronfenbrenner’s Model

A
  • Microsystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Macrosystem
  • Chronosystem
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57
Q

Setting in which the individual lives

A

Microsystem

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58
Q

Relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

A

Mesosystem

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59
Q

Links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context

A

Exosystem

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60
Q

Culture in which individuals live

A

Macrosystem

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61
Q

Patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course and sociohistorical circumstances

A

Chronosystem

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62
Q

Does not follow any one theoretical approach—selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it

A

Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

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63
Q

Research in Life-Span Development

A
  • Methods for collecting data
  • Research designs
  • Time span of research
  • Conducting ethical research
  • Minimizing bias
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64
Q

Methods for Collecting Data

A
  • Observation
  • Survey and interview
  • Standardized test
  • Case study
  • Physiological measures
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65
Q

Controlled setting in which many of
the complex factors of the real world are removed

A

Laboratory

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66
Q

Studies that involve observing behavior in real-world settings

A

Naturalistic observation

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67
Q

Uniform procedures for administration and scoring

A

Standardized test

68
Q

In-depth look at a single individual

A

Case study

69
Q

Research Designs

A
  • Descriptive research
  • Correlational research
  • Experimental research
70
Q

Designed to observe and record behavior

A

Descriptive research

71
Q

Describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

A

Correlational research

72
Q

Number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables (Ranges from -1.00 to +1.00)

A

Correlation coefficient:

73
Q

– Independent and dependent variables
– Experimental and control groups

A

Experimental research

74
Q

One or more of the factors are
manipulated while all other factors are held constant

A

Experiment

75
Q

Individuals of different ages are compared at one time

A

Cross-sectional approach

76
Q

Same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

A

Longitudinal approach

77
Q

Due to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation, rather than the person’s actual age

A

Cohort effects

78
Q

Conducting Ethical Research

A
  • Informed consent
  • Confidentiality
  • Debriefing
  • Deception
79
Q

Minimizing Bias

A
  • Gender bias
  • Cultural and ethnic bias
80
Q

Using an ethnic label in a superficial
way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is

A

Ethnic gloss

81
Q

Evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best
adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

A

Natural selection

82
Q

Promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat

A

Adaptive behavior

83
Q

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

A

Evolutionary Psychology

84
Q

Connecting evolution and life-span development

A

Evolutionary Psychology

85
Q

Helps discover the location of a gene or genes about a marker gene

A

Linkage analysis

86
Q

Interest has grown in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development

A

Evolutionary developmental psychology

87
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Evolution gave us biological potentialities but it does not dictate behavior

A

TRUE

88
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Studying specific genes in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors is the best approach for testing ideas of evolutionary psychology

A

TRUE

89
Q

Human life begins as a single cell

A

The Collaborative Gene

90
Q

Manufacture the proteins that maintain life

A

Genes

91
Q

Identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease

A

Genome-wide association method

92
Q

Helps discover the location of a gene or genes to a marker gene

A

Linkage analysis

93
Q

Used in the search for disease-related genes

A

Linkage analysis

94
Q

Describes the vast increase in genetic data generated at a reduced cost and in a shorter period

A

Next-generation sequencing

95
Q

The most detailed study of human genetic variation to date

A

Thousand Genomes Project

96
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Thousand Genomes Project aims to determine the genomic sequences of at least 1,000 individuals from different ethnic groups around the world

A

TRUE

97
Q

Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed

A

Mitosis

98
Q

Cell division that forms sperm and eggs

A

Meiosis

99
Q

Stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a zygote

A

Fertilization

100
Q

Single-cell formed through fertilization

A

Zygote

101
Q

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases genetic variability

A

Sources of variability

102
Q

Develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person

A

Identical or monozygotic twins

103
Q

Develop when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

A

Fraternal or dizygotic twins

104
Q

Permanently altered segment of DNA

A

Mutated gene

105
Q

Make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging

A

Susceptibility genes

106
Q

Make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age

A

Longevity genes

107
Q

A person’s genetic heritage

A

Genotype

108
Q

Way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

A

Phenotype

109
Q

One gene of a pair always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the other gene

A

Dominant-recessive genes principle

110
Q

When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance

A

Sex-linked genes

111
Q

Chemical process prevents one member of the gene pair from expressing itself

A

Genetic imprinting

112
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A
  1. Polygenically determined
  2. Gene-gene interaction
113
Q

Determined by the interaction of many different genes

A

Polygenically determined

114
Q

Studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development

A

Gene-gene interaction

115
Q

Form of an intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down Syndrome

116
Q

Disorder in which males have an extra X chromosomes, making them XXY instead of XY

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

117
Q

An abnormality in the X chromosome

A

Fragile X Syndrome

118
Q

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

A

Turner Syndrome

119
Q

Male has an extra Y chromosome

A

XYY Syndrome

120
Q

Genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

121
Q

Genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells

A

Sickle-cell anemia

122
Q

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production

A

Cystic fibrosis

123
Q

Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

A

Diabetes

124
Q

Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

A

Hemophilia

125
Q

Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

A

Huntington’s disease

126
Q

Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

A

Spina bifida

127
Q

Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

A

Tay-Sachs disease

128
Q

Identifying genetic flaws enables medical professions to:

A
  1. Predict an individual’s risks
  2. Recommend healthy practices
  3. Prescribe the safest and most effective drugs
129
Q

Reproductive Challenges and Choices

A
  1. Prenatal diagnostic tests
  2. Infertility and reproductive technology
  3. Adoption
130
Q

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests

A
  1. Ultrasound sonography
  2. Brain imaging techniques
  3. Chorionic villus sampling
  4. Amniocentesis
  5. Maternal blood screening
  6. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)
  7. Fetal sex determination
131
Q

Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

A

Infertility

132
Q

Eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish

A

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

133
Q

Social and legal process that establishes a parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth

A

Adoption

134
Q

Biological parents provide rearing environment for the children

A

Passive genotype-environment correlations

135
Q

Genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

A

Evocative genotype-environment correlations

136
Q

Children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating

A

Active genotype-environment correlations

137
Q

Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

A

Epigenetic view

138
Q

Takes place in the first two weeks after conception

A

Germinal period

139
Q

Inner layer of cells that develops into the embryo

A

Blastocyst

140
Q

Outer layer of cells that provides nutrition and support for the embryo

A

Trophoblast

141
Q

Occurs two to eight weeks after conception

A

Embryonic period

142
Q

Contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

A

Amnion

143
Q

Contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the baby to the placenta

A

Umbilical cord

144
Q

Disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

A

Placenta

145
Q

Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

A

Organogenesis

146
Q

Period between two months after conception and birth

A

Fetal period

147
Q

Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain

A

Neurons

148
Q

Important phases of the brain’s development

A
  1. Neural tube
  2. Neurogenesis
  3. Neuronal migration
  4. Neural connectivity
149
Q

Agent that causes a birth defect

A

Teratogen

150
Q

Field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

A

Teratology

151
Q

Teratogen influence

A
  1. Dose
  2. Genetic susceptibility
  3. Time of exposure
152
Q

Prescription drugs that can function as teratogens include:

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Antidepressants
  3. Hormones
  4. Accutane
153
Q

Nonprescription drugs that can be harmful include:

A
  1. diet pills
  2. high dosages of aspirin
154
Q

Act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods

A

Psychoactive drugs

155
Q

Appear in the off spring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

156
Q

Incompatibility between the mother’s and father’s blood types poses risk to prenatal development

A

Incompatible blood types

157
Q

Radiation, toxic wastes, and other chemical pollutants

A

Environmental hazards

158
Q

Maternal diseases

A
  1. Rubella and syphilis
  2. Genital herpes and AIDS
159
Q

Relationship-centered program which provides complete prenatal care in a group setting

A

Centering Pregnancy

160
Q

Home visits by trained nurses beginning in the second or third trimester of prenatal development

A

Nurse Family Partnership

161
Q

STAGES OF BIRTH
Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute

A

1st stage

162
Q

STAGES OF BIRTH
Begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal

A

2nd stage

163
Q

STAGES OF BIRTH
Afterbirth: When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled

A

3rd stage

164
Q

Assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

A

Apgar scale

165
Q

Used in the first month of life to assess the newborn’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

166
Q

Assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

A

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

167
Q
A

Dev Psy (7 decks)

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