Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

Has an unequal curvature on its anterior surface

Answer 1

Cornea

Question 2

The crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on its surface or in its layers

Answer 2

Lens

Question 3

When the cornea has unequal curvature on the anterior surface

Answer 3

Corneal Astigmatism

Question 4

When the crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on the surface or in its layers

Answer 4

Lenticular Astigmatism

Question 5

The sum of corneal astigmatism and residual astigmatism

Answer 5

Total Astigmatism

Question 6

Give at least one type of Astigmatism

Answer 6

With-The-Rule (WTR) Astigmatism

Question 7

When both principal meridians are focused either in front or behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 7

Compound Astigmatism

Question 8

When one of the principal meridians is focused on the retina and the other is not focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 8

Simple Atigmatism

Question 9

When one of the principal meridian is focused in front of the retina and the other is focused behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 9

Mixed Astigmatism

Question 10

The sum of the two axes of the two eyes equals to 180

Answer 10

Symmetrical Astigmatism

Question 11

The sum of the two axes of the two eyes does not equal to 180

Answer 11

Asymmetrical Astigmatism

Question 12

Decreased visual acuities at distance and near

Answer 12

Signs

Question 13

Give at least two optometric management for astigmatism

Answer 13

• Toric Contact Lenses

* Cylindrical Lens

Question 14

Two types of contact lenses for astigmatism

Answer 14

• Toric Soft Contact Lenses

* Toric Rigid gas permeable contact lenses

Question 15

The first accurate description of astigmatism as such is credited to

Answer 15

Thomas Young

Question 16

It is also known as “short arm syndrome”

Answer 16

Presbyopia

Question 17

It is a theory that based on Lens

Answer 17

H-H-G Theory

Question 18

It is a theory that based on Muscle based

Answer 18

D-D-F Theory

Question 19

Patients are symptomatic at an early age

Answer 19

Functional Presbyopia

Question 20

Condition which can still be overcome by a hard or forced ciliary effort

Answer 20

Facultative Presbyopia

Question 21

It is a Presbyopia that the etiology is Functional Presbyopia

Answer 21

Absolute Presbyopia

Question 22

It is a Presbyopia that due to environmental, nutritional, disease related, or drug-induced causes

Answer 22

Pre-mature Presbyopia

Question 23

It is a Presbyopia that increased pupil size and decreased depth of are usually responsible for this

Answer 23

Nocturnal Presbyopia

Question 24

DD-NN is what is our guide in what optometric management?

Answer 24

Monovision

Question 25

It is a Presbyopia that performs well on vision testing

Answer 25

Incipient Presbyopia

Question 26

Focused in front of the retina and the other is focused on the retina

Answer 26

Simple Myopic Astigmatism

Question 27

Focused behind the retina and the other is focused on the retina

Answer 27

Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 28

When both principal meridians are focused in front of the retina

Answer 28

Compound Myopic Astigmatism

Question 29

When both principal meridians are focused behind the retina

Answer 29

Compound Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 30

Give two examples of astigmatic charts

Answer 30

• Fan Dial

* Clock Dial