Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

Inability of the human eye to on objects up close that results with aging.

Answer 1

Presbyopia

Question 2

The cornea has an unequal curvature on its anterior surface.

Answer 2

Corneal Astigmatism

Question 3

A condition in which near vision difficulties result from an apparent decrease in the AA in dim light.

Answer 3

Nocturnal Presbyopia

Question 4

When the two principal meridians are not perpendicular to each other.

Answer 4

Irregular Astigmatism

Question 5

Condition which can still be overcome by a hard or forced ciliary effort.

Answer 5

Facultative Presbyopia

Question 6

When parallel rays of light enter the eye (with accommodation relaxed) and do not come to a single point focus on or near the retina.

Answer 6

Astigmatism

Question 7

Attributes all of the loss in accommodation to bio-mechanical changes in the lens capsule & lens and none to the ciliary muscle; lens based.

Answer 7

H-H-G Theory

Question 8

The sum of corneal astigmatism and residual astigmatism

Answer 8

Total Astigmatism

Question 9

Is the maximum increase in optical power that an eye can achieve in adjusting its focus from as far as possible (beyond infinity for a longsighted eye) to the nearest possible.

Answer 9

Amplitude of accommodation

Question 10

Three types of regular astigmatism

Answer 10

WTR, ATR, OBL

Question 11

The amount of ciliary muscle contraction needed to produce a unit change in accommodation progressively increases with age; muscle based.

Answer 11

D-D-F Theory

Question 12

When the two principal meridians are perpendicular to each other.

Answer 12

Regular Astigmatism

Question 13

	Weakening of the ciliary muscles
	Hardening of the nucleus of the lens
	Sclerosis of the lens fibers and capsules
	Less elasticity of the capsule
	Range of accommodation is diminished

Answer 13

Etiology for Presbyopia

Question 14

When the crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on the surface or in its layers.

Answer 14

Lenticular Astigmatism

Question 15

Accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the patient’s usual near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected.

Answer 15

Pre-mature Presbyopia

Question 16

When one of the principal meridians is focused on the retina and the other is not focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed).

Answer 16

Simple Astigmatism

Question 17

The earliest stage at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition.

Answer 17

Incipient Prebyopia

Question 18

When both principal meridians are focused either in front or behind the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 18

Compound Astigmatism

Question 19

Assumed that excess plus power with accordance to Px’s correction for far represents the amount of assistance required by the accommodation for the distance of testing. This will require the use of astigmatic chart.

Answer 19

Cross Cylinder Technique

Question 20

The sum of the two axes of the two eyes equals approximately 180.

Answer 20

Symmetrical Astigmatism

Question 21

Optometric management for Presbyopia

Answer 21

Convex Lenses

Multifocal CL

Question 22

The sum of the two axes of the two eyes does not equal approximately 180

Answer 22

Asymmetrical Astigmatism

Question 23

Adult patients eventually report visual difficulties when faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and near task demands.

Answer 23

Functional Presbyopia

Question 24

Diagnosis for Astigmatism

Answer 24

Visual Acuity
Keratometer
Refraction

Question 25

A small scale Snellen’s chart. The patient should hold the chart at approximately 40 cm (16 inches). This will determine the Px’s near grade.

Answer 25

Near chart VA

Question 26

With accommodation relaxed, one meridian tends to focus behind the retina, while the other focuses in front of the retina.

Answer 26

Mixed Astigmatism

Question 27

 Nutritional changes
 Action of UV rays
 Exposure to intense infrared radiation

Answer 27

Causes of Sclerosis

Question 28

Optometric management for Astigmatism

Answer 28

Cylindrical Lenses and Toric CL

Question 29

_________, even if corrected, usually exhibit refractive difficulty first.

Answer 29

Hyperopes

Question 30

Asthenopia or ocular fatigue usually occurs in this eye condition.

Answer 30

Astigmatism