Assumptions Analysis Flashcards
Notes from mindmap
What are the two roots of psychology?
Natural sciences and philosophy
Who proposed the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
What is the law of effect?
It suggested that behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future.
What is behaviour?
Anything we can observe
What is intro-spection?
Observation of one’s personal behaviour, thought and feeling
What is the school of empricism?
It was believed by empricist such as John Locke, the idea is that mind is a blank slate when kids are born but later they gain ideas by observing the world.
What do contemporary psychologists believe?
Inborn characterists interact with inborn characterists to shape the mind.
Intelligence is an example.
Which scientist came up with the idea that mind could be studies scientifically? What was his menthod?
Hermann von Helmholtz.
He studied how fast people responded when they felt somthing on their thigh compared to that of on their toes.
Who is considered the first experimental psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s experiment queestion and its results and conclusion?
Question: Is it possible to time ‘mental processes’?
Experiment: He asked participants to press the telegram key as soon as they heard a ball-drop. He asked participants to press the right side button if they see a certain light or left it they see a certain light. Or made certain decisions, and as complexity increased, the processing time also increased.
Conclusion: The reation time was ‘mental chronometry’ that is in simple words reation time provided the processing required for a particular task.
What is Volunterism?
It is the idea of Wilhem Wundt. It emphasis will and choice for decision making, perception and thoughts.
Who came up with structurilism? and what is it?
Wilhem Wundt’s student Edward Tichener.
Brain is broken down into smallest elements of mental experience. He thought ehat concisiousness experience can be broken down into 3 parts: Sensations, Feelings and images, each of these can be broken down further.
What is Gestalt psychology and who came up with it?
It was the idea that rejected the ‘structuralism’ by Edward Tichener. Gestalt saw experience being different from being the sum of its elements.
The founders were german, Kurt Kuffka, Max Wertimer, and Wolfgang. These people thaought breaking hte idea of ‘whole’ into parts would result in loss of some important psychological information.
What are the principles of Gestalt principles?
- Proximity principle
- Similarity principle
- Continiuty Principle
- Closure Princliple
- Simplicity Principle
Describe Proximity principle:
It is an idea from the gestalt principles:
Things that seem together are grouped together. Like dots are closer in rows then we think them as rows not colums.
What is similarity principle?
An idea of the Gestalt principles:
People group tend to group similar stimuli together. Like grouping dark dots or squares and rectangles in columns.
What is continuity principle?
A principle of Gestalt principles:
It says people tend to see objects as onjects as lines or smooth curves, examples the branches behind the trees can be two different yet people think it is one.
What is closure principle?
We tend to ingore gaps to see things as a closure.
What is simplicity principle?
We tend to simplyfy things.
What is functionalsim? Who came up with it?
Functionalism emerged after Darwin proposed his books, functionalists think of why the brain works the way it does. William James came up with it. It is an approach where mind behaviour is purposeful.
William james focussed more on the evolution part saying we enhoy ice cream beacause it is sweet and our ancestors loved sweet for survival.
Who came up with stream of Conciousness and what is it?
William james came up with it, it basically means flow of ideas people experience while they are awake.
Who founded the first physchology laboratory in the British commonwealth and UofT.
James Mark Baldwin
WHo was the first women to get awarded a doctroate on a physchological topic?
Emma Sophia Baker
What is humanistic psychology and who contributed to it?
It saw people as inheterly good who wanted to learn and improve more. Abharam Maslow conributed to it.
What is functionalism?
The school of psychology that focuses on the adaptive functions of behaviour
What is behaviourism?
An approach that carefully studies and carefully measueres behaviour.
What is clinical psychology?
The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviour
What is classical or Pavlovian conditioning?
Association or linking certain signals, smells with certain acts. Ex: Dogs salvation when they hear some sound of owner.
What is individual differences ?
An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behaviour from one person to the next
What is evolutionary peycholgy?
Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behaviour and mental processes
What is biological psychology?
specialty focused on physical and chemical changes that cause and result from behavior and mental processes
What is individual differences?
an approach in psychology that that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next.
What is mind?
Brain and its activities, including thought, behaviour and emotion.
What is philosophy?
the discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge
What did Sigmund Fued do?
developed PSYCHODYNAMIC theory and its applications to treat psychological disorders
nearly singlehandedly founded the study of personality in psychology
What are natural sciences?
any sciences that study nonliving matter, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology
What was special about john locke?
He was an empirilist who thought mind was a ‘blank slate’
Who was carl rogers?
developed client-centered therapy
What is psychology?
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
What did William Wundt do?
given credit for conducting the FIRST experiments in psychology
his theories provided a foundation for structuralism
What did Urlic Neisser do?
coined the term cognition in 1967
Who is William James?
chief proponent of functionalism
