Assumptions Flashcards
Key Terms - Localisation of Brain Function
Frontal Lobe - Creativity, Personality
Parietal Lobe - Sensory Information
Temporal Lobe - Memory, Auditory Information
Occipital - Visual Information
Key Terms - Internal Mental Processes
Perception - how we make sense of the world and what we are seeing
Attention - We pay attention to the object, sensory stimuli
Memory - We search through our memory store to see if there is a match with something we have already seen or experienced
Language - We use our knowledge of language to name it
Example - Internal Mental Processes
My wife and my other in law visual illusion. We all see the same visual stimuli differently
Example - Localisation of Brain Function
Phineas Gage received damage to his frontal lobe and it caused a personality change. He was seen as friendly before the incident but people said he became more aggressive after the injury
Key Terms - Humans are born as a blank slate
The mind is described as ‘tabula rasa’ and we are moulded by our environment. Our behaviour can be shaped or manipulated due to our environment. We are born with only the most basic responses such as crying pain and hunger. Our personalities are determined by our environment.
Example - Humans are born as a blank slate
Bandura carried out research and it showed that children would become aggressive towards the bobo
Key Terms - Behaviour learned through conditioning
In classical conditioning it is suggested that behaviour is learned through association. The stages of classical conditioning are as follows :
Stage 1; UCS ~> UCR,
Stage 2; NS + UCS ~> UCR,
Stage 3; CS ~> CR
In Operant conditioning, behaviour is learned through reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when there is a reward given for a certain behaviour. Negative reinforcement is when something bad is removed as a reward for certain behaviour. Punishment is then used to weaken certain behaviours therefore meaning the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring is decreased
Example - Behaviour learned through conditioning
For example, Pavlov used the principles of classical conditioning on dogs. He used a bell as an unconditioned stimulus, Salivation as an unconditioned response and food as a neutral stimulus. Once he had carried out classical conditioning on the dog, the sound of the bell became conditioned and the dog began to salivate when it heard the bell. The bell became a conditioned stimulus and salivation became a conditioned response
Key Terms - Humans and animals learn behaviour in similar ways
Lots of behaviourist research is done using experimental methods, on animals because they believe that the laws of learning are the and for both humans and animals which enables generalisations to be made about human behaviour.
Example - Humans and animals learn in similar ways
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov developed the principles of classical conditioning using dogs and these principles were then applied to Watson and Rayners research on Little Albert where he then developed phobias.
Operant Conditioning - Skinner developed the principles of operant conditioning using the ‘Skinner box’ which he used for his research on animals. These principles were then applied to society today, For example it is used for parenting such as rewards for chores and in the education system there is praise for good grades.
Key Terms - The Tripartite Model of Personality
ID - You’re born with it. It behaves according to the pleasure principle which needs instant gratification. The ID is self serving
Ego - Develops age 2 . It functions according to the reality principle. Deals with the competing demands of the ID and superego
Superego - Develops age 4/5 and functions according to the morality principle. Children learn to internalise parental values and social standards of society. Has two aspects : conscience ( internalisation of punishments and warnings) and the ego ideal ( derives from rewards and positive models). The conscience and ego ideal communicate requirements to the to the ego with feelings like pride, shame and guilt
Example - The Tripartite Model of Personality
A healthy personality demonstrates ego strength
Consequences of dominant ID- criminal behaviour, impulsive, aggressive, lack of morality
Consequences of dominant superego - OCD, anxiety & guilt, prosocial behaviour, perfectionism
Key Terms - Behaviour can be explained by internal mental processes
Essential cognitive processes work together to enable us to make sense of and respond to the world around us
Perception - How we make sense and interpret what we’re seeing
Attention - We pay attention to the object (sensory stimuli)
Memory - We search our memory store to see if there is a “match” with something we’ve already experienced
Language - We are able to use out knowledge of language to name it
Example - Behaviour can be explained by internal mental processes
We use internal mental processes when faced with visual illusions.
My wife and mother in law visual illusion - We all see (attention) the same external stimuli (visual illusion). We perceive the stimuli differently based on different memory stores. You see either a young lady looking to the side of an old woman
Key Terms - Behaviour can be explained by schemas
Schemas organise knowledge and enable us to predict likely happenings and make sense of current experiences.
They are mental structures that represent an aspect of the world e.g. object or event
They are organises packs of information that get stored in the long term memory
Derived from prior experiences and knowledge
They set up expectations of what is probable in a particular in social context e.g. dinner at a restaurant
They’re refined through further experiences and social interactions
Don’t necessarily represent reality
