Associative Analysis

Question 1

Types of Relationships between two variables

Answer 1

Nonmonotonic relationship `
General pattern - Presence of one due to presence of other
`
Monotonic Relationship
General direction - positively correlated relationships. X up, Y up. X down, Y down

Linear Relationship
Precise association. If X increases by z units, Y will increase by m*z units consistently

Curvilinear relationship
Positively then negatively correlated (or opposite) as z increases

Question 2

Characteristics of relationships

Answer 2

Presence: Presented when Ho is rejected (Ho: no relationship / correlation)

Direction: + or -

Strength: Correlation coefficient (-1, 1, strong, 0 weak)

Question 3

Cross-Tabulations & Chi-square Analysis (only for nominal Variables)

Answer 3

1) Cross Tabulations
2) Chi Square Analysis
3) Chi Square Value
4) Critical Chi Square Values

Question 4

1) Cross Tabulations

Answer 4

Frequency: Actual raw numbers

Raw Percentage: Raw numbers divided by the grand total

Column Percentage: Raw numbers divided by the column total

Row Percentage: Raw numbers divided by the row total

Question 5

2) Chi Square Analysis

Answer 5

Null Hypothesis: No association between the two variables

Difference between observed frequencies and expected frequencies

Expected cell frequency =
{cell column total * cell row total} / grand total

Question 6

3) Chi Square Value

Answer 6

X^2= {Observed i - Expected i}^2 / Expected i

Observed = Actual number in cell
Expected: Check formula
(o-e)/e

Question 7

4) Critical Chi Square Values

Answer 7

Degrees of freedom:

r-1)*(c-1

Question 8

Correlation Analysis

Answer 8

-Covariation (co movement)
What happens to y when x changes?

• Null Hypothesis; Ho: no correlation
• Sign: +/-
• Coefficient (b in a+ xb)

Question 9

3 assumptions of Pearson Product Moment Correlation

Answer 9

1) Do not take into account interaction with other variables
2) No causal relationships
3) Only linear relationships

Question 10

Rank order correlation

Answer 10

Ordinal / Ranking variable

Monotonic relationship
Spearman rank order correlation