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1
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Minimal Change disease (normal glomerula–>FSGS)

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2
Q

ALL

A

Downsyndrome

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3
Q

Pancytopenia (Normochromic Normocytic anemia), Recurrent infections
- BM–>Blood

A
  • CLL
  • Hairy cell Leukemia
  • Multiple Myeloma (most common COD)
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4
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

CRAB

- hyperCalcemia, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone lytic lesions

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5
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Can develop urothelial bladder cancer

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6
Q

Osteopetrosis in relation to GI:

A

Marker: Alkaline Phosphatase (Fibroblast indicator)/ in GI it is a sign of biliary tree obstruction (sclerosing Cholangiitis)

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7
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • co exists with primary biliary cirrhosis
  • Caplan syndrome=pneumoconiosis, RA; rheumatoid nodules in the lungs
  • Felty’s syndrome: RA, splenomegaly and neutropenia
  • Anemia of Chronic disease
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8
Q

Krukenberg

A

diffuse Gastric carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast
dysgerminoma

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9
Q

Types of breast Carcinoma

A
  • Duct (90%), lobular (10%)
  • Noninfiltrating insitu:
    intraducalt Ca (DCIS),: comedo, papillary, Paget’s (older women, unilateral niple change))
    Lobular Ca in situ (LCIS)-higher chance of malignancy
    -Infiltrating Ca
    Duct: Scirrhous, Medullary, Colloid
    Lobular
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10
Q

Male breast (Gynecomastia)

A 
Cirrhosis
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY karyotype)
BRACA2
Estrogen therapy
drugs
alcohol
marijuana, 
heroin
anabolic steroids
retroviral t/t
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11
Q

PSaMMoma Bodies

PPSSMM

A 
- Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Papillary renal cell carcinoma
Serous ovarian tumors
Serous endometrial carcinoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
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12
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Dysgerminoma
coarctation of the aorta
congenital biscuspid aortic valve
hosrseshoe kidney

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13
Q

Fibromas

A
  • similar in appearance to thecomas
  • associated with ascites (40%) and hydrothorax on right side (Meig’s syndrome)
  • Occasionally associated with basal cell nevus syndrome
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14
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma

A 
Encephalomyelitis
SIADH
Cushings 
Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Metastasis to the brain
IgA nephropathy
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15
Q

pseudorosettes

A

Meduloblastoma
Ewing sarcoma (Homer Wright rosettes)
Neuroblastoma
Call exner

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16
Q

Germ cell tumor

A

Choriocarcinoma (Non-gestational)
Yolk sac
Dysgerminoma
Mature Cystic Teratoma/Demoid Cyst

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17
Q

Medullary carcinoma

-what paraneoplastic does it make?

A

VIP
ACTH
SEROTONIN

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18
Q

Hematogenous

-Red Hot Chili Flakes Go Through Blood

A

Renal cell carcinoma
HCC
Follicular of the thyroid
Choriocarcinoma

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19
Q

AFC-marker

A

Yolk sac

HCC

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20
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Turner

Edwards

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21
Q

Germ cell tumor

A 
ovarian Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac (Endodermal sinus tumor)
Dysgerminoma
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22
Q

Fried Egg appearance

A 
Dysgerminoma (Oocytes)-solid tumor does not rapture
Seminoma
Oligodendriglioma
Medullary carcinoma of the breast
Hairy cel leukemia
-all good prognosis
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23
Q

Surface Epithelial Tumors

A

Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid
Brenner Tumor

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24
Q

AFP-marker

A

Yolk sac

HCC

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25
Sex cord tumors
Granulosa theca sertoli leydig fibrothecoma
26
Jelly belly
Carcinoma of the appendix | Mucinous cystadenoma
27
Hematogenous | -RED HOT CHILLI FLAKES GO THROUGH BLOOD
Renal cell carcinoma
28
AFC-marker
Yolk sac | HCC
29
diseases that can transform to FSGS
- Normal complement (nephrotic syndrome) diseases transform to - IgA nephropathy - Alports - Minimal change disease - chronic renal diseases/subtotal nephrectomy
30
Onion skinning
Primary sclerosiing cholangitis Ewing sarcoma Severe Malignant HTN
31
VHL mutation
RCC-clear cell pheochromocytoma retinohemagioblastoma cerebellar
32
Minimal change disease (Selective to albumin)
-Hodgkins lymphoma in adults
33
Hemoglubinuria
G6PD cold DIC PNH
34
Stromal cell
Granulosa-theca Fibroma Sertoli Leydig cell
35
Non-hypertensive hemorrhages | Intracerebral/intraparenchymal hemorrhages
``` arterial or venoous -Typically Lobar coagulopathy tumor hemorrhage Vascular malformation Amyloid malformation Cortical vein or dural sinus thrombosis ```
36
Coombs Test (+/-)
Coombs positive: - All AIHA - hereditary spherocytosis caused by *** - kernicterus (-): -Hereditary spherocytosis
37
Di Georges
TBX 1 gene mutation
38
Turner's
``` Homeobox gene SHOX:1 Coarctation of the aorta dygerminoma horseshoe kidney Bicuspid aortic valves ```
39
Sonic HH
Holoprosencephaly
40
Homeobox gene
Limb defects, vertebral defects, craniofacial abnormalities Valproic acid-->mimics
41
Retinoic acid
causes, CNS, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities including cleft palate. may interfere with TGFbeta (palatogenesis)
42
Potter sequence
Breech presentation clubbed feet altered facies worsens pulmonary hypoplasia
43
Criggler Najjar type 1
recessively inherited disease - complete absence of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity - unremitting unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia leading to bilirubin encephalopathy - Most patients die within first year
44
Crigler-Najjar DIsease type 2
Partial decrease in UDP-glucoronyl transferase | treatment with phenobarbital-->enables hepatocytes to make the enzyme
45
0-4 year old tumors
``` Leukemia Retinoblastoma Neuroblastom Wilm's Tumor Hepatoblastoma Soft tissue sarcoma (esp. Rhabdomyosarcoma) Teratomas CNS tumors ```
46
5-9 years old
``` Leukemia Neuroblastoma Retinoblastom Soft tissue sarcoma Ewing sarcoma*** CNS tumors Lymhoma ```
47
10-14
``` HCC osteosarcoma thyroid carcinom Hodgkins disease soft tissue sarcoma ```
48
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Downsyndrome | Agammaglobulinemia
49
Retinoblastoma
Deletion in 13q Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes (true) Osteosarcoma Ewing sarcoma/PNET Pinealoblastoma
50
Lymphoma
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome
51
Small round blue cell tumors of childhood
``` Lymphoma/Leukemia Medulloblastoma (CNS neoplasm) Neuroblastoma (ALK gene mutation) Rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma) -embryonal -alveolar WIlms tumor Bone tumors -Ewing sarcoma -small cell osteosarcoma ```
52
Beckwith-Wieldmann Syndrome
``` Macroglossia Omphalocele Gigantism Adrenal crtical cytomegaly Visceromegaly Ilset cell hypertrophy Renal medullary dysplasia ```
53
Denys-Drash Syndrome
Gonadal dysgenesis Renal abnormalities WT-1 gene mutation 90% chance of WIlms' tumor
54
Brenner's tumor
``` 4 B's Benign coffee Bean nucleus also seen in granulosa theca cells Brenner Bladder like epithelium (transitional) ```
55
schiller duval Bodies
Epithelial cells around a central blood vessel Yolk sac tumor similar appearance to Glomeruli
56
Ovarian Carcinoma
"Young girls
57
Fibrothecoma
right sided pleural effusion + Pure fibroma + ascites= Meig's syndrome -in meig's only fibroma is seen Basal cell nevus syndrome/Ghorlin syndome
58
Ovarian tumors with hormones
- Estrogen excess-grabulosa theca (look for carcinoma of breast and uterus) - Estrogen & androgen excess- PCOD (no tumor!!) - Androgen excess- sertoli leydig - CGT excess- Chorion carcinoma - Thyroxine- struma Ovarii-dermoid cyst - 5HT- carcinoid syndrome-dermoid cyst
59
Bilateral ovarian tumors
``` Serous cyst adenocarcinoma Serous adenoma Mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma Endometrioid tumor Metastasis ```
60
Cystic Ovarian lesions (neo-plastic)
Serous cyst adenocarcinoma/adenoma Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma/adenoma Dermoid cyst
61
Cystic Ovarian lesions (non-neoplastic)
chocolate cyst follicular cyst PCOD corpus luteum cyst
62
solid ovarian tumors
Small: Brenner's, Granulosa theca, Endometrioid Large: (hemorrhage, necrosis) malignant teratoma Bilateral: metastasis
63
Chocolate cysts
Mainly caused by Endometriosis
64
Cancers cause by HPV 16&18
Penile Oral Cervical Anal
65
Diethylstiebestrol (DES)
``` clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina vagina adenosis (glandular hyperplasia)--> endocervical type glands in vagina ```
66
Mass lesions in Vagina
Gartner duct cyst (remnants of mesonephric ducts)-->anterolateral wall of vagina clear cell adenocarcinoma, adenosis carcinoma
67
Pre-Eclampsia | GEPH
Gestation Edema with Proteinuria and HTN
68
Gestational Trophoblastic disease
"Beta PIG has Moles" - B-hCG level more important - Placental site trophoblastic tumor - Invasive mole - Gestational choriocarcinoma - Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)-complete & incomplete
69
Major risk for scrotal carcinoma
Chimney sweepers
70
acute renal failure
Oliguria-->anuria-->azotemia
71
Chronic Renal failure
prolonged symptoms of uremia
72
Nephrotic syndrome
-Diabetes Mellitus-->most common cause in adults Heavy proteinuria (>3mg/day Hyperlipidemia & lipiduria Edema Normal complement hypercoagulable states: due to loss of antithrombin III
72
Nephritic syndrome
73
FSGS | -etiology?
Often idiopathic -or secondary to: HIV, heroin abuse, morbid obesity, maligananices, African american, chronic kidney disease,...
74
``` AA amyloid (secondary) -Nephrotic syndrome ```
``` RA, Nehcet syndrome, Crohn's disease, TB, Hodgkin's, Rena cell Ca. ```
75
Nephritic syndrome w/ normal complement
IgA nephropathy/henloch purpura Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis) SLE (I, II, V) Benign Hematuria
76
Nephritic syndrome with Low complement
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis SLE (class III, IV) bacterial endocarditis/infected ventriculoatrial shunt Cryoglobulinemia
77
Nephritic syndrome with Variable complement
RPGN****
78
Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (IgA nephropathy/henoch-schonlein purpura)
In children: Henoch-schonlein purpura Celiac disease (Gluten enteropathy) , HIV, minimal change disease -most common in asian 2nd and 3rd decades Vasculitis -Wegeners (5C's & Triad) Ankylosing spondylitis, Small cell carcinoma
79
Membranoproliferative Glomerulobephritis (MPGN)
Type I secondary form more common: -Subenothelial -Hep B/C, endocarditis, Lupus, parasitic infections, cryoglobulinema (similar to post strep in lab findings) -Lupus associated with hypercllularity -Hep C -->tram track appearance + cryoglobulemia -associated with classical pathway so C1 & C4 low, C3 may be low
80
hypercellularity and increase in BM
IgA nephropathy MPGN Lupus Class II: mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis
81
LUPUS classes (I-VI)
Class I: minimal mesangial lupus nephritis Class II: mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis class III: focal segemental proliferative lupus nephritis class IV: diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis class V: membranous lupus nephritis class VI: advanced sclerosing lupus nephritis
82
schistocytes in peripheral blood smear
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: HUS/TTP HUS: associated with Viral, shigella, Salmonella infections, mainly EHEC TTP: associated with SLE, HIV, hematological malignancies
83
Tubular and interstitial diseases
-Acute tubular Necrosis -Tubulointerstitial nephritis (acute:drugs-antibiotics, chronic:infection-pyelonephritis) -Acute pyelonephritis -Chronic pyelonephritis: Papillary necrosis obstructive nephropathy Renal stones
84
Cystic Kidney diseases: | - cysts associated with systemic diseases
``` Von Hippel-Lindau Sundrome (VHLS) Tuberous sclerosis (TS) ```
85
AD Polcystic Kidney disease | -External manifestations are
-hepatic cysts, intracranial aneurysms, pancreatic cysts/splenic, diverticulosis, cardiac valve disease (mid systolic click), abdominal wall and inguinal hernia complication: chronic renal failure--> need dialysis & renal transplant (2nd most common COD) - heart failure & MI due to HTN (most common COD) -Rupture berry aneurysm--> subarachnoid hemorrhage
86
ARPKD potter sequence manifestation
``` Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydranios (trigger) Twisted faces Twisted skin Extremity defect Renal failure ```
87
RCC (ch. 3) paraneoplastics | RAPA E
``` Renin-->HTN ACTH--> cushings PTHrP--> hypercalcemia AA amyloidosis EPO-->polycythemia ```
88
Von Hippel lindau gene
RCC + pheochromcytoma + retinal and cerebellar hemangiomas
89
Horse shoe kidney
Turners | Edwards
90
Treatment for BPH:
Fenastiridine-->mimized transformation and i a 5 a-reductase inhibitor
91
SIADH causes:
- Post operative - Intracranial disease: encephalitis, meningitis, head injury - Neoplasms: SCC of the lung - Drugs/medication
92
Beefy things:
- Thyroid: Graves - Spleen: Hairy cell leukemia - Tongue:
93
Harshimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism) associated with
Non Hodgkins B cell lymphoma
94
Pheochromcytoma plays part of :
MEN 2a MEN 2b Neurofibromatosis Von hippel-lindau syndrome (w/renal cell Ca)
95
Etiology of HTN:
Primary: idiopathic secondary: - cushings disease: cortisol is a weak mineralocorticoid , increases alpha 1 receptors - acromegaly: GH up regulates alpha 1 receptors - hyperaldosteronism (conn's disease) - pheochromoscytoma - Graves' disease
96
PNH can lead to:
AML or MDS
97
polycythemia causers (secondary increased EPO)
RCC Hepatoma (HCC) Cerebellar hemangioblastoma

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