Association & Causation

Question 1

Association

Answer 1

Spurious - Relationship between two variables appears to exist but is misleading

Indirect - Two variables are genuinely related but the relationship is mediated by a third variable

Direct - Direct association exists

Question 2

Causation

Answer 2

Susser’s criteria: Time Order, Association, Direction

Bradford Hill Causal Criteria: Strength, Temporality, Specificity, Coherence, Consistency