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BIOLOGY 204 > ASSIGNMENT UNIT 8-16 > Flashcards

ASSIGNMENT UNIT 8-16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are introns and in which organism?

A

They are interrupted coding sequences that don’t code for amino-acids. They are found in eukaryotes.

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2
Q

WHta is cytoplasmic inheritance based on?

A

On the widely different amount of cytoplasm that male and female parents provide when gametes are formed.

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3
Q

What does aneuploidy discribe?

A

A condition where an extra chromosome is present or absent.

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4
Q

What happens in cell division if human cells are treated with telomerase?

A

They will undergo more cell division than normal.

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5
Q

What is produced my meiosis?

A

haploid cells, sperm, eggs, plant spores

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6
Q

How is called a mutation that replaces one amino acid in a protein with another?

A

Missense mutation

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7
Q

In a repressible operon under negative control, what does the repressor protein does?

A

Turns off transcription with the pressence of a corepressor.

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8
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE about X-linked recessive genetic diseases?
    a. They affect more males than females.
    b. They affect more females than males.
    c. The disease phenotype is not gender correlated.
    d. Males may have the corresponding allele on the Y chromosome.
    e. An individual with two copies of the gene may not be symptomatic for the given disease
A

They affect more males than females.

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9
Q

Which level does bacterial gene regulation occurs?

A

Transcriptional levl

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10
Q

In mitosis, the parent and the two resulting daughter cells are identical genetically?

A

Yes, all 3 are identical.

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11
Q

What purpose do restriction enzymes play in bacterial cells?

A

Attack bacteriophage DNA when it enters the cell.

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12
Q

What is an operon?

A

A unit containing a promoter, operator and the functional genes in a bacteria.

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13
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

A densely compacted region of chromatin that can’t be transcribed.

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is TRUE about DNA methylation?
    a. Genes are silenced through methylation of all four bases.
    b. It is a method of translational regulation.
    c. It can silence large groups of genes.
    d. It is common in most prokaryotes.
    e. It leads to genomic imprinting, which is reversible.
A

It can silence large groups of genes.

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15
Q

What do retroviruses make?

A

DNA copies of RNA by reverse transcritpion.

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16
Q

Are proto oncogenes related to tumor formation?

A

No because they are normal genes until a mutation occurs in one of them, transformation them in oncogene.

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17
Q

what is the total number of unique, three-base combinations of the four nucleic acid bases in DNA

A

64

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18
Q

What is the purpose of cloning?

A

To get a large number of a particular gene.

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19
Q

What pair of molecule alternate to form the backbone of a polynucleotide chain?

A

sugar and phosphate

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20
Q

What is a generation time?

A

the time it takes to complete one cell cycle.

21
Q

What is the inducer in the lac operon?

A

Allolactose

22
Q

What is a gene?

A

specific segemtns of nucleotides at a given position on chromosomes that code for specific proteins. Human have 20 000 - 25 000 genes. They are the basis of hereditary.

23
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Structure in nucleus of prok. or cytoplasm of euk. Long structures of DNA and proteins tightly held together containing hundreds to thousands of genes. Prok have only one chromosome in a circular pattern, euk. have a chromosomal structure of linear DNA TIGHTLY wrapped around histone proteins.

24
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The unique genetic material in an organism. It is responsible for its phenotype.

25
Q

What is chiamsa?

A

Region where non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross each other. It is the physical effect of recombination. Each chromosome needs at least one to be able to separate properly later on.

26
Q

What is a nondisjunction evenT?

A

When chromosome segragation in meiosis 1 or 2 fails. Creates daughter cells with different number of chromosomes.

27
Q

What is the barr body?

A

The inactivate x chromosome in nuceus of female cells.

28
Q

What are the female sex chromsome?

A

XX

29
Q

What are the male sex chromosomes?

A

xy

30
Q

How many pair of chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pair, one sex chromosome and the rest are autosomes.

31
Q

What si the role of topoisomerase?

A

Is an enzyme that stops the twisting and straining od the DNA ahead of the replication fork.

32
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that replicates the DNA and repairs the replicated DNA as it is made. Needs an rna primer to start synthesizing. adds comp. nucleotide in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

33
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

The unwinded DNA strand that goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction, it is synthesised easily by DNA polymerase since it goes in the same direction.

34
Q

What is a lagging strand?

A

The unwinded dna strand that goes in the 3’ to 5’ direction. is made by okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase needs to reattach and detach everytime the replication fork exposes new DNA, needing a new primer everytime.

35
Q

What are miRNAs?

A

They are involved in regulation processes in eukaryotes. They are encoded by a non-protein coding gene that makes a RNA precursor to miRNA. It loops on itself and is cut by a Dicer enzyme, producing two strands. One of the strand will be desintegrated by a protein complex, leaving the other strand (miRNA). It can to mRNA with a complementary sequence and silence the gene expression.

36
Q

What is RNA interference?

A

Is when a gene is silenced by miRNA. Can be done by the protein complex on the miRNA cleaving the mRNA, or by the double strand of mRNA and miRNA blocking the ribosomes from translating the mRNA. siRNA can also cause it, they come from RNA not encoded by nuclear genes. They are made and work just like miRNA.

37
Q

What is an operon?

A

Cluster structure on prokaryotes chromosome, containing the coding sequence for specific genes and the regulatory sequence that regulates them like the promoter, operator.

38
Q

What is an inducible operon?

A

is usualy not active and can be activated by an inducer. (lac operon)

39
Q

What is a repressor?

A

Some regulatory proteins are, when bound to the operator, it reduces transcription and prevent the genes of the operon from being expressed.

40
Q

What is an activator?

A

Some regulatory proteins are, when bound near the promoter, they increase transcription.

41
Q

How do regulatory proteins become activated?

A

When a small signal molecule binds to it because its shape changes and is now able to bind to the regulatory DNA sequences.

42
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Method of genetic engineering able to correct genetic disorders by altering specific genes in the DNA. Germ line therapy where the gene is inserted in the germ line cells, or somatic gene therapy where gene is inserted in somatic cell, is the only one allowed on humans.

43
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

Technique allowing to differenciate individuals from the same species using DNA samples. Because our genome have multiple loci with STR sequences, each locus has a different sequence and each individuals have different repeat of the sequence. The analysis of different STR loci can make a match between a DNA sample and an individual.

44
Q

What is transduction?

A

Is a method of genetic recombination in prokaryotes where DNA is moved from one bacterium to another with a virus. The phage injects its DNA into a host cell, while the phage’s genes are expressed, an enzyme breaks the bacterial chromosome of the host cell. Creating new phages, one of them has the bacteria’s DNA instead of the viral DNA. When the host cell is killed and the bacteriophages are out, they infect other bacterial cells. The one phage with bacterial DNA injects its DNA in a recipient cell which stays alive and now contains a homologous DNA recombination.

45
Q

What are the two types of transduction?

A
  • Generalized transduction: the phage can take any portion of the host’s DNA.
  • Specialized transduction: the phage can only pick up a specific portion of the host DNA.
46
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Cells use a sex pilus to contact each other and form a cytoplasmic bridge that allows them to exchange material by being connected. The donor cell has the F factor and the DNA, while the recipient cell only contains DNA. Some of the F factor is copied and moves through the cytoplasmic bridge into the recipient cell making it a donor cell now because it contains F factor.

47
Q

What is cytoplasmic inheritance?

A

It is a non-traditional pattern of inheritance. It depends of the genes in the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotes, the genes are carried and inherited by the female parent. When they are mutated, they become harmful to multiple organs in the body, they are different then mutant genes on chromosomes because they don’t segregate by meiosis and don’t show uniparental inheritance. In eukaryotes, mutations of the mitochondrial genes are passed on with maternal inheritance.

48
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

When a methylation permanently silences an allele on a particular gene of a parental or maternal gene.

49
Q

What is methylation?

A

Process where a methyl group is added to a cytosine base, when the bases of a promoter are methylated, the transcription of the gene is inhibited and turns the gene off. The gene stays silenced even when passed on. So the expression of an allele in a gene in the offspring is determined by the parents.

BIOLOGY 204 (9 decks)

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