Assignment 4 Flashcards
Why was patient HM so important for the field of learning and memory?
A: He demonstrated that different types of memory are dependent on different brain regions
B: He demonstrated that all memory is dependent on the medial temporal lobe
C: He informed scientists that the prefrontal cortex is important in executive functions
D: He had a very unique and rare brain tumor that was never seen before
A: He demonstrated that different types of memory are dependent on different brain regions via how the lesions in the MTL affected his learning and memory performance over time and different tasks.
Which of the following types of memories did Patient HM have intact? Select all that apply.
-Short-term memory
-Long-term memory
-Procedural memory
-Declarative memory
-Working memory
-Non-declarative memory
-Associative learning
Procedural
Non-declarative
Working memory
***need final answers to confirm
What kind of memory is the Delayed Non-Matching to Sample task testing?
a) Working memory
b) Associative learning
c) Procedural memory
d) Declarative memory
D - declarative memory
Which brain region is the Delayed Non-Matching to Sample task dependent on?
a) Medial temporal lobe
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Amygdala
d) Cerebellum
e) Striatum
a - medial temporal lobe
Predict what would happen to a rat’s performance on the Morris Water Maze if you were to lesion (destroy) their hippocampus.
a) They will not remember how to swim
b) They will be able to learn where the platform is faster
c) Their performance would be unaffected
d) They will not be able to learn where the platform is
d - they will not learn where the platform is because long term memory is inhibited, thus they’ll perform about the same
Which of the following statements is true in regard to how the brain encodes spatial memory? Select all that apply.
a) Grid cells are located in the hippocampus
b) Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex relay its information to the place cells of the hippocampus
c) Place cells are located in the entorhinal cortex
d) Cells in both the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex have spatial selectivity
e) Place cells are located in the hippocampus
b - grid cells in the entorhinal cortex relay its information to the place cells of the hippocampus
d - cells in both the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex have spatial selectivity
e - place cells are located in the hippocampus (while grid cells are in the entorhinal cortex)
In the Delayed-Response Task, how long of a delay would test working memory?
a) A week delay
b) A few minutes delay
c) A day delay
d) A few seconds delay
e) A few hours delay
d - a few seconds as working memory is generally 5-10 secs
During the Delayed-Response Task, when do neurons within the prefrontal cortex fire an action potential?
a) During the delay, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex is important for working memory
b) During the test phase, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex is important for making decisions
c) During the visual cue, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex is important for working memory
d) After the test phase, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex is important for memory consolidation
a - during the delay, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex is important for working memory. Most likely the firing during the delay is to keep the info held in working memory long enough to transfer it to STM or execute a behavior, then throw it away
Which of the following brain areas are involved with working memory? Select all that apply.
a) The striatum
b) Reflex pathways
c) The hippocampus
d) Prefrontal cortex
e) The cerebellum
f) The amygdala
g) The neocortex depending on the stimulus/task
d - the PFC
g - the neocortex (depending upon stimulus/task) - example being the LIP
What evidence suggests that Patient HM’s procedural memory was still intact?
a) He was unable to form new memories
b) He was able to recall very few memories of his past
c) He was able to improve his performance in the Mirror Tracing Task
d) He was able to perform well on the digit span task
c - he was able to improve on the mirror tracing task which used the motor cortex, cerebellum & striatum.
Which of the following brain regions could you lesion (destroy) in order to disrupt procedural memory?
a) Hippocampus
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Medial temporal lobe
d) Cerebellum
d - cerebellum, which is part of the group involved in procedural memory. The cerebellum is important for learning motor movements (like in sports) to help you execute a procedure (like swinging a golf club)
What association is being learned in classical conditioning (aka Pavlovian conditioning)?
a) An unconditioned response occurs in response to a neutral stimulus
b) A complex procedural task is associated with a reward
c) An association is being formed between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
d) An association is being formed between a stimulus (e.g., light cue) and a response (e.g., lever press)
c - an association is being formed between a conditioned stimulus (the bell in Pavlov’s case) and an unconditioned stimulus (salivating)
What association is being learned in instrumental conditioning (aka operant conditioning)?
a) A response (or action) is associated with a rewarding stimulus
b) A cue in the environment is associated with a rewarding stimulus
c) A neutral stimulus is associated with a rewarding stimulus
d) A complex procedural task is learned
a - a response (or action/behavior) is associated with a rewarding stimulus. The key is here is tying the response to a behevior
What brain region could you lesion in order to disrupt associative learning?
a) Hippocampus
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Striatum
d) Medial temporal lobe
e) The neocortex
c - striatum, which is key, along with the cerebellum and amygdala
In the radial arm maze, how would you test for associative learning?
a) Place a food reward at the end of certain arms and the rat will have to remember which arms the food reward is located
b) The rat must learn to ring a bell in order to gain access to a food reward
c) The rat must learn to press a lever for access to a food reward
d) Place a light cue at the end of the arms that contain the food reward to signal that the reward is there
d - place a light cue (what they are associating) at the end of the arms that contains the food to signal that the reward is there (light = food, thus associating light where the food is)
