Assessment of Vitamin and Mineral Status Flashcards
two classifications of minerals
major and trace
two classifications of vitamins
water- and fat-soluble
functions of minerals in our body
building blocks for body tissue
metalloenzymes
functions of vitamins in our body
coenzymes in variety of reactions
help modulate gene expression
definition of mineral
inorganic element essential to life
definition of vitamin
organic compound essential to life
% absorbed + notes on absorption: calcium
25-30%
dependent on food source and vitamin D status
% absorbed + notes on absorption: iron
heme: 5-35% (animal)
elemental: 2-25% (plant)
increased and decreased by certain compounds found in foods
% absorbed + notes on absorption: zinc
15-35%
much better absorbed from animal sources
% absorbed + notes on absorption: iodine
90%
typically don’t have to think about absorption, just consumption
% absorbed + notes on absorption: folic acid
85-100% vs. 50%
synthetic sources are better absorbed than natural folates
notes on absorption: vitamin A and D
increased by fat in meals
where are phytates found?
whole grains, nuts, seeds, some vegetables, soy
what do phytates decrease absorption of?
calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium
where are oxalates found?
some vegetables and nuts (spinach, chard, rhubarb, gooseberries, sweet potato, cassava, almonds) cocoa, wheat germ
what do oxalates decrease absorption of?
calcium, iron, magnesium
where are tannins found?
tea, cocoa, red wine, rhubarb, cranberries, sorghum, barley, some legumes
what do tannins decrease the absorption of?
non-heme iron
where is fiber found?
whole grains, fruits, vegetables
what does fiber decrease the absorption of?
magnesium, zinc, and other minerals
what does vitamin C increase the absorption of?
iron and possibly zinc
what does citric acid increase the absorption of?
iron and zinc
what other organic acids increase iron and zinc absorption?
lactic, tartaric, acetic, malic, erythrobic
what does meat/heme increase absorption of?
zinc and iron
what does soaking, sprouting, leavening, and fermenting do to absorption?
increases zinc absorption
what does dietary fat do for absorption?
enhances absorption of fat-soluble nutrients
which nutrients are better absorbed as synthetic versions?
folic acid (rather than folate)
B12 supplement (rather than animal sources)
examples of functional assays
thiamine: erythrocyte transketolase
riboflavin: erythrocyte glutathione reductase
niacin: urinary metabolites (NMN and 2-pyridine)
B12: methylmalonic acid
what does pale conjunctiva indicate?
iron deficiency
what does bulging of the eyes indicate?
grave’s disease
what do bitot’s spot indicate?
vitamin A deficiency
what does angular cheilitis indicate?
vitamin B deficiencies
what does a beefy tongue indicate?
B12 deficiency
what does scurvy indicate?
vitamin C deficiency
what does petechiae indicate?
vitamin C deficiency
what does pellagra indicate?
vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency
what are the four D’s of niacin deficiency?
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
what does a goiter indicate?
iodine and/or selenium deficiency
what do spoon-like nails indicate?
iron deficiency
what micronutrients are in the food group: grains
CHO
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, fiber, magnesium, zinc, vit E, folate (fortified)
what micronutrients are in the food group: fruit/veggies
CHO
folate, fiber, carotenoids (vit A), potassium, vit C, vit K, phytochemicals
A Fuzzy POtato Can Kill
what micronutrients are in the food group: dairy
PRO
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, vit B12, vit A, vit D
At Dinner, 12-Boys Consumed POtatoes, Pheasant, Rabbit
what micronutrients are in the food group: meat, fish, legumes
PRO
thiamin, niacin, iron, zinc, vit B12 (meat), fiber, magnesium (legumes)
