assessment 2 youth subcultures flashcards

Question 1

heidensohn

Answer 1

control theory

Question 2

messerschmidt

Answer 2

HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY has key 🔑 values: difficult.
(breadwinner, brave, leadership, strong, status, emotionally detached, dominating women)

some men (espec. lower class) RESORT TO CRIME + DEVIANCE to achieve difficult key 🔑 values and be seen as a REAL MAN 💪👨

middle class men can demonstrate values via education 📖 or job

Question 3

connell

Answer 3

PAST - men socialised into HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY 🚋
Instrumental role, tough, individualistic, aggressive, ambitious men.
NOW - masculinity CHANGING. 3️⃣ new types:
- Complicit (men who believe in shared conjugal roles)
- Subordinate (gay 🏳️‍🌈. Accepted but still stigmatised)
- Marginalised (RESPONSE to move away from traditional hegemonic masculinity)

Although new types have formed, HEGEMONIC = STILL THE MOST POWERFUL

Question 4

sewellu

Answer 4

Media shaped ethnic identities.

African-Caribbean male youth: rap stars = role models, resulting in HYPER-MASCULINE and GANGSTA values.
Results in under-achievement in school and EXCLUSION rates (black teens 3x more likely to be excluded than white peers)
THE NOTORIOUS B.I.G. TEN CRACK COMMANDMENTS, NASTY GIRL
Rap stars compensate for lack of father figure (50% Black British families r single parent)

Encouraging CONSUMER CULTURE, HYPERSEXUALITY, GANG CULTURE, MISOGYNY etc.

Question 5

murray + herrnstein

Answer 5

🔔
Some have biological 🧬 predisposition to aggressiveness, impulsiveness, and violence

—> increased likelihood of crime if not curbed by sufficient socialisation (nuclear family w strict father)

Low IQ linked with poverty and crime

Question 6

mirza

Answer 6

less rebellious behaviour in black girls 👧🏿: PRO-SCHOOL SUBCULTURE

young black women in 2 South London comprehensive schools
didn’t revel against negative labelling + racist/sexist attitudes; more concerned with academic success 📑

Question 7

reddington

Answer 7

women seen as SUB-SUBCULTURE
research 🧐 is done in a MALE-STREAM way, young women rendered invisible

e.g. “the rewrite of punks to exclude the very large and productive presence of young women”
—> Siouxsie and the Banshees excluded from analysis of punks?? 🎸🎵

reflects patriarchy: Valerie Hey’s research was REJECTED bc there was “nothing to investigate”, young women’s friendships seen as trivial

Question 8

decker + van winkle

Answer 8

— DECKER + VAN WINKLE
joining gangs: PULLS (status, excitement) and PUSHES (socioeconomic struggles outside of gang)
COUNTER: Archer 🏹 we should recognise dysfunctionality of gangs

Question 9

archer

Answer 9

idea of “the street” more exciting and accessible to working class boys than school
(links to 🐓😖)

criticises venkatesh: gangs can be V dysfunctional for victims (sufferers of crack addiction, women prostituted out, victims of physical violence)

Question 10

batchelor et al

Answer 10

not one of 800 girls in Scotland were in a gang.
Girls’ physical violence RARE, but many had witnessed male physical violence

  —> shows that gangs r male-dominated

shows that gangs don’t always provide protection because if they did girls would join more.

Question 11

muggleton

Answer 11

neo tribes

• less clearly defined
• emphasis on style not belief, + greater variety of styles 👠
• movement between subcultures ↔️
• ‘freedom of expression’ 🎨 prioritised, not politically motivated
• no hostility to other groups, wanted to be individual and not affiliated with certain group

Brighton + Preston semi-structured interviews, 43 male 14 female youth

Question 12

Hall et al

Answer 12

mugging 1970s 🇬🇧
MORAL PANIC 😱 about black men being muggers
—> complete over-exaggeration created by media, causing huge unnecessary concern over public safety

UK Capitalism faced social + economical unrest in early 70s
—> creating moral panic helped capitalism in 2 ✌️ ways
1. SCAPEGOAT: immigrants blamed, not flawed capitalist system
2. JUSTIFICATION: gives government excuse for suppressing certain groups

resulted in extreme labelling 🏷

Question 13

lea + young (left realism)

Answer 13

criticising Scraton 1987, Left Realists

majority of crimes are INTRA-RACIAL (‘black on black’) so can’t be political struggle against white majority
we SHOULDN’t ROMANTICISE crime and ignore the consequences 😍🚫

Criminal subcultures = response to poor economic, social and political marginalisation, relative deprivation

Question 14

roberts

Answer 14

3 types of transition: gal
G radual (13-21)
A brupt (short)
L engthy (13-25)

UK: legal changes mean we r developing a ⏳LENGTHY TRANSITION
—> Rafael Samuel: 26 yrs, tried to sue his parents saying that they still had to look after him (bc they gave birth to him without his consent)

early 1900s, no overarching youth subculture.
1950s: concept of TEENAGER created 📺👠

Question 15

hall + jefferson

Answer 15

Teddy Boys 🧸

— attempt to recreate working class identity
— working class ‘lads’ felt threatened 😟 by immigration
—> developed strong sense of LOYALTY and TERRITORY, racism 💪
— Edwardian style suits 🧥, drainpipe trousers 👖, suede shoes 👞, quiffs called ELEPHANT TRUNKS 🐘
American 🇺🇸 Rock and Roll 🎸

Teddy girls too: secondary roles within subculture (pencil ✏️ skirts, rolled up jeans, flat shoes)

Question 16

mcrobbie + garber

Answer 16

CONTROL THEORY (Heidensohn):
— young women more controlled by parents then young men, so less opportunity for crime
— McRobbie and Garber: bedroom 🛏 culture
- cult of femininity
- close friendships
- indoor, private, inaccessible leisure space
- kept away from boys
- friendship, appearance, romance

Question 17

cieslik + pollock

Answer 17

secretive 🤫 online 💻 female subculture:
Pro-Ana websites
Sufferers of anorexia shared tips on and encouraged each other to lose weight: DAMAGING

Contemporary, postmodern society: future path is overwhelming, unpredictable and uncontrollable (more so than the past). 😰
—> young women respond to risk society with eating disorders? obsessed with controlling their bodies in response to lack of control over their future?

Question 18

cohen

Answer 18

functionalist
working class boys fail to achieve middle class aspirations so INVERT VALUE SYSTEM and create anti-school subculture with new definition of status
🐓😖

Question 19

venkatesh

Answer 19

Gang Leader for a Day (drug-dealing 🍃 gang)

— functional for members 👍
—> gave them a job w pay, promotion, protection, purpose 😁
OUTLAW CAPITALISM

Question 20

murray

Answer 20

UNDERCLASS (below class structure, extreme poverty + long term unemployment)
— lack moral values 😈 (espec marriage 💍 and family 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦)
— parents pass down deviant criminal values to children
— more likely to be single mothers 👩‍👦who dont bring up kids properly (fatalism, resignation, deviance)

Michael Gove: underclass children beyond hope. This group should be sent to manual work not education.
SO youth from underclass grow into deviant and criminal subcultures, main cause of crime

Question 21

scraton

Answer 21

neo-Marxist
ethnic minorities commit crime as POLITICAL ACT not CRIMINAL ACT
organised CULTURES OF RESISTANCE 💪 in response to institutional discrimination
origins in ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLES

Question 22

sivanandan

Answer 22

RASTAFARIANISM
2nd gen Afro-Caribbean immigrants

racism + high unemployment ➡️ socially + economically marginalised ➡️ found culture of resistance and strong 💪 distinctive identity in Jamaican culture of Rastas

dreadlocks, reggae music 🎶, ritualising cannabis 🍃
fighting capitalism + racism was continuation of POLITICAL STRUGGLE AGAINST WHITE SLAVE OWNER

Question 23

willis

Answer 23

1970s
counter-school subculture found in working class boys 👦
Valued ‘having a laff’ and rebelling over conformity + academic success 🚫📚

     —> fight against capitalism: semi-class conscious
             power in numbers, recognised that meritocracy is MYTH
             PARTIAL POLITICAL AWARENESS
                    
                       —> however actions TRAPPED them in system further
                                     — misbehaviour results in low paid jobs resulting in further exploitation
                                     — sexism + racism etc COUNTERPRODUCTIVE, as it divided WC rather than uniting

Question 24

hebdige (general youth subcultures)

Answer 24

—> politically motivated subcultures. capacity for free thought 🧠. imaginary 💭 solutions. incorporation.

— working class youth form POLITICALLY MOTIVATED SUBCULTURES
— challenging class inequality 🔺

• used GRAMSCI (neo-marxist): youth aren’t yet fully dominated by ruling class so can still CHALLENGE
• still have capacity for free thought 🧠, not yet socialised into capitalism 🛍

— youth subcultures SYMBOLICALLY RESIST societal problems
— spectacular styles resist cultural hegemony 👩‍🎤
— status
— community
— sense of protecting territory
^ IMAGINARY SOLUTIONS: capitalism is never actually solved

• capitalist society quickly adapts: INCORPORATION
  (capitalism commercialises 🛍 youth cultural styles, stripping away ideological importance)

Question 25

Outline 2 reasons for growth of youth subcultures since 1950s [12]

Answer 25

— EDUCATION: ROBERTS (1944 act, 15 years, gradual, legal chances)

— IMMIGRATION: HALL + JEFFERSON (post ww2 immigration windrush, YSCs from racism/cultural borrowing. Teddy boys highly territorial — violence against black people peaked 1958, n______ hunting)

Question 26

Outline 2 differences between male and female YSCs [12]

Answer 26

— women less likely deviant (McRobbie + Garber, Heidensohn, 2021 538,000 men 93,000 women)
— women less noticeable (Cieslik + Pollock)

Question 27

Explain 2 functions of youth subculture [12]

Answer 27

— gaining status (COHEN: status frustration —> inverted value systems)
— economic benefits (VENKATESH: outlaw capitalism, functional for disenfranchised ppl)

Question 28

explain why the majority of youth deviance is committed by males [12]

Answer 28

— need to exercise hegemonic masculinity values: MESSERSCHMIDT, CONNELL
— inadequate paternal socialisation: Murray and Sewell

Question 29

explain and briefly evaluate the view that working class youth are more likely to turn to deviance [16]

Answer 29

— COHEN
— WILLIS
— CICOUREL

Question 30

explain and briefly evaluate the New Right of youth subculture [16]

Answer 30

— MURRAY underclass
— MURRAY + HERRNSTEIN inadequate socialisation
— MARXISM (Scraton, Sivanandan)

Question 31

Explain and briefly evaluate the view that young women are less deviant than young men [16]

Answer 31

— McRobbie and Garber (Heidensohn, 2021 538,000 men and 93,000 women)
— Mirza
— REDDINGTON

Question 32

Assess Functionalist explanations of youth subcultures [24]

Answer 32

— COHEN
—> WILLIS (Marxism)
— DECKER + VAN WINKLE
—> ARCHER (feminism)
— VENKATESH
—> BATCHELOR et al (feminism)

Question 33

Assess Marxist explanations of youth subculture [24]

Answer 33

— HEBDIGE (Gramsci)
—> MUGGLETON (postmodernism)
— HALL et al
—> Murray and Sewell (New Right)
—Scraton (+ Sivanandan)
—> Lea and Young (Left realism)