Assessment 2

Question 1

Which theories have gained prominence because of work done in the field of what is known as chronic recidivism and criminal careers?

Answer 1

Traits theories

Question 2

Which theories originated in an attempt to explain the link between crime, poverty and underdevelopment?

Answer 2

Social structure theories

Question 3

Which one of the following is NOT a branch within the social structure perspective?

1) Social learning theory
2) Social disorganization theory
3) Strains theory
4) Cultural deviance theory

Answer 3

1) Social learning theory

Question 4

Which one of the following is NOT a branch of the social process theories?

1) Social learning theory
2) Social control theory
3) Cultural deviance theory
4) Social action theory

Answer 4

3) Cultural deviance theory

Question 5

Cultural deviance theory is a branch within which perspective?

Answer 5

Social structure theories

Question 6

With regard to the motivation factors in relation to rape, power rape can be divided in how many subcategories?

Answer 6

2

Question 7

Which of the following can be regarded as a subcategory of power rape?

1) Power assertion
2) Power minimisation
3) Power internalisation
4) Power assimilation

Answer 7

1) Power assertion

Question 8

What subcategory of rape is motivated by the rapists attempt to resolve lingering doubts about his sexual adequacy and masculinity?

Answer 8

Power reassurance

Question 9

Which one of the following typologies is associated with anger rape?

1) Anger retaliation
2) Anger assertion
3) Anger reassurance
4) Anger management

Answer 9

1) Anger retaliation

Question 10

Which one of the following is NOT regarded as a possible motive for serial rape?

1) Righteousness rape
2) Peer rape
3) Control, supremacy & fantasy rape
4) Greed rape

Answer 10

4) Greed rape

Question 11

To which possible motive for serial rape does ‘the rapist blaming someone else, such as the victim, for the crimes he has committed, rather than acknowledging his own blame’ relate?

Answer 11

Righteous rape

Question 12

Envy and possessive jealousy are important motivators of criminal behaviour. Which one of the following incidents can NOT be regarded as an example hereof?

1) The Nancy Kerrigan incident
2) The Najwa Petersen incident
3) The Eesterus vigilante incident
4) The Dina Rodrigues incident

Answer 12

3) Eesterus vigilante incident

Question 13

Xenophobia attacks are usually motivated by which one primary motive?

Answer 13

Hatred

Question 14

In the context of criminal motivation, bias-motivated crimes are also known as …

Answer 14

Hate crimes

Question 15

With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour, and more specifically basic body types (somatotypes), mesomorphs have …

Answer 15

Well developed muscles and an athletic appearance

Question 16

With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour, and more specifically basic body types (somatotypes), ectomorphs have …

Answer 16

Small skeletons and weak muscles

Question 17

With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour it is important to understand that even though genetics can instill a predisposition towards certain behavioural traits …. will act as triggers of these dispositions.

Answer 17

Environmental influences

Question 18

Somatopypes (body types) are characterized by physical and emotional character traits. Which emotional character trait is associated with an Ectomorph?

Answer 18

Introvert and overly sensitive

Question 19

Somatotypes (body types) are characterized by physical and emotional character traits. Which emotional character trait is associated with a Mesomorph?

Answer 19

Aggressive and likely to commit violent crimes

Question 20

Considerable research has done regarding intelligence as a risk indicator of criminal causation. Notwithstanding, the debate between the link between IQ and criminality is controversial and has still not been conclusively proven. What kind of link has research, at most, established between IQ and a predisposition to criminal behaviour?

Answer 20

An indirect link

Question 21

Temperament and personality are regarded as important criminal risk predictors. Which relates to temperament?

Answer 21

Inherent, individual and emotional reaction to challenges and demands

Question 22

Lykken (in Schoeman 2002:99) maintains that socialisation comprises three principal components. Which one of the following is NOT a component?

1) Conscientiousness
2) Pro-sociality
3) Acceptance of adult responsibility
4) Questioning of adult responsibility

Answer 22

4) Questioning of adult responsibility

Question 23

With regard to alcohol and drug abuse as risk factors for offending, research has found that young offenders often consume alcohol before committing offenses. For what purpose is this done?

Answer 23

To provide an excuse

Question 24

With regard to drug abuse as a risk factor for offending, Conklin (2001) states that the need to support a drug habit can lead to … crimes.

Answer 24

Secondary

Question 25

The following factors, namely inadequate nutrition, exposure to smoking, alcohol and drugs, as well as violence and abuse are associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime. What are these risk factors known as?

Answer 25

Perinatal risk factors