Assessment 2 Flashcards
building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids
break proteins down
Denaturation
creates stability and maintain 3D conformation
Disulfide bonds
are indispensable AA
Essential Amino acids
Non-functional proteins. Primary and tertiary
Non-protein amino acids
joining of 2 amino acids
Peptide bonds
side chain (activity and function). makes each amino acid unique
R-group
how many amino acids are required by the body?
- of these, how many are “indispensable” or “dietary essential”?
- can you name them?
- whats the difference between “indispensable” and “dispensible”
-20 to 22
- 10 indispensable: Methionine, Arginine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Valine, Phenylalanine
- Indispensable AA: Essential aa
Dispensable AA: Non-essential aa
what structural group is responsible for an amino acid’s function and activity
R group
what are D- and L-amino acids, and are they used the same way by an animal
in general, how does the “first limiting amino acid” concept work?
it’s where you supplement the deficient amino acid to get it to the next limitation. You have increased the capacity of the animal
what are the four structural forms of a peptide/protein?
- how are they different from each other?
- what is at least one unique aspect of each form?
- Primary
- Amino acid composition and sequence
- formation of peptide chain - Secondary
- localized folding of chain
- alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets - Tertiary
- 3D conformation of a protein
fibrous proteins
- keratin, collagen, and elastin
Globular proteins:
- all enzymes, hormones - Quaternary
- Stable structure formed by 2 or more polypeptide subunits
what are 4-5 different “roles” of proteins within the body?
- what makes “hormones” and “enzymes unique compared to other protein functions?
- give structure/mass. Gives the body the structure needed to move around and to develop
- Regulatory function. Messenger and response systems
- Contractile. Endow cells to contract, change shape or move
- Transport. Nutrient transport
- Catalytic. Controls rate of all biosynthetic and degradative processes.
- Protective. Disease/pathogen protection, blood clotting
- Nutrient Storage
- Without enzymes and hormones, the body won’t be able to function
electrolytes
is typically a mineral
cofactors
macro-minerals
micro-minerals
trace elements
what’s the difference in the terminology… “macro” versus “micro”
what is meant by “ash content”
crude mineral content
what are 2 things that are unique about minerals in comparison to all other nutrients
are inorganic elements and aren’t synthesized by either animals or micoorganisms.
name the 7 macro-minerals
- which one is found in the greatest concentrations within the body?
what component of the body contains the majority of the body’s mineral content?
bones and teeth
name 3 to 4 general functions of minerals within the body
- Structural components of body organs and tissues
- Constituents of body fluids & tissues
- Enzyme cofactors
- Hormone synthesis
how does sodium and potassium work to maintain cell function?
- what other nutrient is involved in this process
name at least 4 micro-minerals
- what is unique about selenium (Se)
- Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se
B-vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins
water-soluble vitamins
are typically vitamins
coenzymes
exhibit vitamin-like properties
Quasivitamins
what are vitamins (generals definition)
- what are 3-4 functions of vitamins in general (across vitamin types)
- Organic substances present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs that are essential to normal metabolism, the lack of which cause specific deficiency diseases.
- Antioxidant properties. protects membrane phospholipids
- Hormonal properties. signals coordinate metabolic responses
- H+/e- Donor/Acceptor
- Coenzymes
- Gene transcription elements. Regulation of receptor-mediated transcription
- Antioxidant properties. protects membrane phospholipids
overall, what is the general function of fat-soluble vitamins
Regulation of metabolism associated with structural units
what are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
- what is a unique function or aspect of each fat-soluble vitamin
- Vitamin A
- required in all animal diets
- Needed for normal:
- Night vision
- epithelial cell formation/maintenance
- osteoblastic and antioxidant activities
- Vitamin D
- Hormonal (steroid): calcium regulation
- immune system
- Vitamin E
- main form: alpha- tocopherol
Main function: antioxidant activity
- main form: alpha- tocopherol
- Vitamin K:
- active compounds: Menadione and phylloquinone
Function: Normal blood clotting activity
- Bone growth and formation
what mineral(s) are associated with vitamins D and E
Overall, whats the general function of water-soluble vitamins
processes of energy transfer
whats the difference between ‘water soluble’ vitamins and ‘b-vitamins’
vitamin C
compared to fat-soluble vitamins, describe the daily need for water-soluble vitamins .
- why or why arent they different
give me 1 general function about each water soluble vitamin
Thiamin: Abundant in most feeds
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C): Maintenance of connective tissue and bone tissue
- wound healing
Niacin: Synthesis of NAD+/NADP
Riboflavin: Energy transfer and ATP production systems
Pyridoxine: Coenzyme
Pantothenic acid: Synthesis of Coenzyme A
Pyridoxine: metabolism of amino acids
Pantothenic acid: synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)
what are Quasivitamins
exhibit vitamin like properties
