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Animal Nutrition > Assessment 2 > Flashcards

Assessment 2 Flashcards

1
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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2
Q

break proteins down

A

Denaturation

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3
Q

creates stability and maintain 3D conformation

A

Disulfide bonds

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4
Q

are indispensable AA

A

Essential Amino acids

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5
Q

Non-functional proteins. Primary and tertiary

A

Non-protein amino acids

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6
Q

joining of 2 amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

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7
Q

side chain (activity and function). makes each amino acid unique

A

R-group

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8
Q

how many amino acids are required by the body?
- of these, how many are “indispensable” or “dietary essential”?
- can you name them?
- whats the difference between “indispensable” and “dispensible”

A

-20 to 22
- 10 indispensable: Methionine, Arginine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Valine, Phenylalanine
- Indispensable AA: Essential aa
Dispensable AA: Non-essential aa

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9
Q

what structural group is responsible for an amino acid’s function and activity

A

R group

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10
Q

what are D- and L-amino acids, and are they used the same way by an animal

A
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11
Q

in general, how does the “first limiting amino acid” concept work?

A

it’s where you supplement the deficient amino acid to get it to the next limitation. You have increased the capacity of the animal

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12
Q

what are the four structural forms of a peptide/protein?
- how are they different from each other?
- what is at least one unique aspect of each form?

A
  1. Primary
    - Amino acid composition and sequence
    - formation of peptide chain
  2. Secondary
    - localized folding of chain
    - alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets
  3. Tertiary
    - 3D conformation of a protein
    fibrous proteins
    - keratin, collagen, and elastin
    Globular proteins:
    - all enzymes, hormones
  4. Quaternary
    - Stable structure formed by 2 or more polypeptide subunits
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13
Q

what are 4-5 different “roles” of proteins within the body?
- what makes “hormones” and “enzymes unique compared to other protein functions?

A
  1. give structure/mass. Gives the body the structure needed to move around and to develop
  2. Regulatory function. Messenger and response systems
  3. Contractile. Endow cells to contract, change shape or move
  4. Transport. Nutrient transport
  5. Catalytic. Controls rate of all biosynthetic and degradative processes.
  6. Protective. Disease/pathogen protection, blood clotting
  7. Nutrient Storage
    - Without enzymes and hormones, the body won’t be able to function
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14
Q
A

electrolytes

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15
Q

is typically a mineral

A

cofactors

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16
Q
A

macro-minerals

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17
Q
A

micro-minerals

18
Q
A

trace elements

19
Q

what’s the difference in the terminology… “macro” versus “micro”

A
20
Q

what is meant by “ash content”

A

crude mineral content

21
Q

what are 2 things that are unique about minerals in comparison to all other nutrients

A

are inorganic elements and aren’t synthesized by either animals or micoorganisms.

22
Q

name the 7 macro-minerals
- which one is found in the greatest concentrations within the body?

A
23
Q

what component of the body contains the majority of the body’s mineral content?

A

bones and teeth

24
Q

name 3 to 4 general functions of minerals within the body

A
  1. Structural components of body organs and tissues
  2. Constituents of body fluids & tissues
  3. Enzyme cofactors
  4. Hormone synthesis
25
Q

how does sodium and potassium work to maintain cell function?
- what other nutrient is involved in this process

A
26
Q

name at least 4 micro-minerals
- what is unique about selenium (Se)

A
  • Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se
27
Q
A

B-vitamins

28
Q
A

fat-soluble vitamins

29
Q
A

water-soluble vitamins

30
Q

are typically vitamins

A

coenzymes

31
Q

exhibit vitamin-like properties

A

Quasivitamins

32
Q

what are vitamins (generals definition)
- what are 3-4 functions of vitamins in general (across vitamin types)

A
  • Organic substances present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs that are essential to normal metabolism, the lack of which cause specific deficiency diseases.
    1. Antioxidant properties. protects membrane phospholipids
      1. Hormonal properties. signals coordinate metabolic responses
      2. H+/e- Donor/Acceptor
      3. Coenzymes
      4. Gene transcription elements. Regulation of receptor-mediated transcription
33
Q

overall, what is the general function of fat-soluble vitamins

A

Regulation of metabolism associated with structural units

34
Q

what are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
- what is a unique function or aspect of each fat-soluble vitamin

A
  1. Vitamin A
    • required in all animal diets
    • Needed for normal:
      - Night vision
      - epithelial cell formation/maintenance
      - osteoblastic and antioxidant activities
  2. Vitamin D
    • Hormonal (steroid): calcium regulation
    • immune system
  3. Vitamin E
    • main form: alpha- tocopherol
      Main function: antioxidant activity
  4. Vitamin K:
    - active compounds: Menadione and phylloquinone
    Function: Normal blood clotting activity
    - Bone growth and formation
35
Q

what mineral(s) are associated with vitamins D and E

A
36
Q

Overall, whats the general function of water-soluble vitamins

A

processes of energy transfer

37
Q

whats the difference between ‘water soluble’ vitamins and ‘b-vitamins’

A

vitamin C

38
Q

compared to fat-soluble vitamins, describe the daily need for water-soluble vitamins .
- why or why arent they different

A
39
Q

give me 1 general function about each water soluble vitamin

A

Thiamin: Abundant in most feeds
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C): Maintenance of connective tissue and bone tissue
- wound healing
Niacin: Synthesis of NAD+/NADP
Riboflavin: Energy transfer and ATP production systems
Pyridoxine: Coenzyme
Pantothenic acid: Synthesis of Coenzyme A
Pyridoxine: metabolism of amino acids
Pantothenic acid: synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)

40
Q

what are Quasivitamins

A

exhibit vitamin like properties

Animal Nutrition (2 decks)

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