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assessment 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living things

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2
Q

where can living things be found?

A

everywhere

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3
Q

Why do we study biology?

A

you will learn to think and behave like a scientist and you will explore a topics and issues that impact upon our lives and the world around us

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4
Q

what is cell biology?

A

divisions in the biological sciences are based on degrees of complexity

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5
Q

biochemistry and biophysics

A

The study of structures and behaviors of molecules

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6
Q

microbiology

A

Study of prokaryotic cells and viruses

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7
Q

cell biology

A

Study of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

developmental biology

A

Study of how communities of cells form tissues, organs and build an organism

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9
Q

anatomy and physiology

A

Study of the structures and functions of tissues and organs

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10
Q

zoology and plant biology

A

Study of the organisms

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11
Q

ecology

A

Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments

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12
Q

levels of biological complexity 

A

1.bio chemistry and biophysics 2.microbiology 3.cell biog4.developmental biology5.anatomy and physiology6.zoology and tag biology7.ecology

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13
Q

what is cell biology?

A

The sub discipline of biology that studies the basic unit of life, the cell. It deals with all aspects of the cell including cell anatomy, cell division (mitosis and meosis), and cell processes such as cell respiration and cell death. It doesn’t stand along as a discipline but is closely related to other areas of biology like genetics, molecular biology and bio chemistry

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14
Q

why study cell biology?

A

so biology is interesting. Understanding how individual cell works allows us to understand complex multicellular organisms. Cell biology critical for understanding human disease and treatment

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15
Q

mitosis

A

The process by which most cells in the body divide

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16
Q

meiosis

A

The process by which gametes are produced

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17
Q

what’s interesting about cell biology?

A

there is so much that is not understood. Cells are a complex system in and of themeselves. When you add to an individual cell its environment, whether that is the single cell organism or multicellular, there is a complex web reactions. One organism, likely: human, can have the same genetic material in every cell, yet, there are over 200 types of cells in the human, that are different shapes, sizes and carry out every different function. And all of these cells were developed from one. Complexity.

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18
Q

complexity 

A

1.Inter-relations of cells 2.intra -relations of cells 3. The cell on its environment 4. Its ability to live & reproduce 5.Its ability to grow & change 6.It is what makes up you &the food you eat

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19
Q

The human can have…

A

The same genetic material in every cell.

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20
Q

there are over… types of Cells in the human

A

200

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21
Q

what is life and how do I know that you are LIVING?

A

1.organization 2.acquire and transform materials and energy 3.homeostasis 4.responsd to stimuli 5.grow, develop & reproduce 6.adapt and evolve

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22
Q

homeostasis

A

The ability to keep internal consistency 

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23
Q

stimuli

A

A thing or event that provokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissues

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24
Q

Life is organized: what are both living and nonliving things composed of?

A

molecules made from chemical elements such as C , H , Oand N

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25
Q

The organization of molecules into cells is one of the features that…

A

distinguishes little things from all other matter

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26
Q

levels of biological organization extend from…

A

within the individual organism to the biosphere in a sequence of increasing complexity (structures within structures)

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27
Q

biological organization

A

Organization within the individual cell increasing complexity to biosphere

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28
Q

example of biological organization

A

{atoms ->molecular ->cells -> tissues ->organs ->organ system->organisms} - increasing complexity

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29
Q

cells

A

Basic units of structure and function

smallest living ynit of the body

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30
Q

tissues

A

Group of similar cells cemented together working to perform a specific function

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31
Q

Organs

A

A group of tissues working together (cooperative union) to perform a specific function

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32
Q

organ system

A

several different group of organs working together to perform a specific major bodily function

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33
Q

organism

A

A complete and entire living ( total of all organ systems working together)

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34
Q

molecular

A

molecules are made of atoms covalently bonded together

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35
Q

Atoms

A

smallest stable unit of matter(nonliving)

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36
Q

unicellular

A

Single celled, lacks shoes, organs and organ system but it’s still a complete entire living thing

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37
Q

Amoeba

A

Single animal cell it feeds by wrapping itself around food

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38
Q

Life requires energy: living systems acquire and use…

A

Energy to maintain their highly organized state

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39
Q

Energy is used in…

A

metabolism of the organism

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40
Q

metabolism

A

The biochemical reactions that acquire and use energy

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41
Q

anabolism

A

reactions that make new substances buildup/synthesize (making ~ chmically)

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42
Q

catobalism

A

reactions that break down substances/degrade

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43
Q

The energy is acquired from…

A

nutrition -> food

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44
Q

according to the modem mutation living things are classified to…

A

autotroph and heterotrophs

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45
Q

autotrophs

A

make its own food e.ggreen plants

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46
Q

heterotroph

A

cannot make its own food(animal)

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47
Q

chlorophil (photosynthesis)

A

CO2 +H2O ->energy -> C6 H 12O6+ O2

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48
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy is converted to chemical glucose energy & energy is found in the bonds of the compound

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49
Q

living things must maintain homeostasis

A

living things must maintain their separation from the non-living world. For metabolic processes to function normally, living things need to keep themselves stable in temperature, moisture level, chemistry, etc.

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50
Q

homeostasis

A

The Ability to maintain chemical constancy (to stay the same)

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51
Q

living things react to environment change or respond to stimuli:

A

behavior :moves toward or away from stimuli. change in metabolism change and develop

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52
Q

to know the disease we have to know..

A

what’s normal cause disease is the diversion from notmality

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53
Q

living things grow, develop and reproduce:

A

vital if a population of organism is to survive more than 1 generation

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54
Q

instructions for growth and development are encoded in…

A

genes

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55
Q

Living things adapt: what is adaptation

A

an inherited a characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to live and successfully reproduce in a given environment

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56
Q

Life can adapt to a wide range of…

A

environmental condition

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57
Q

adaptations/modifications accumulate in a…

A

population of organisms when individuals with these traits are more likely to reproduce than others

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58
Q

The unity of life or common features of living organisms

A

organisms are made of cells, routinely repair and replace cells and tissues, have metobalic and homeostatic process, share a common molecular basis of inheritance

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59
Q

In 1839, a German zoologist named… Concluded that all animals were made of…

A

Theodore Schwann, cells

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60
Q

Who confounded the cell theory

A

schwaan

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61
Q

in 1855 a German medical doctor named… Observed under the microscope…

A

Rudolph virchow, cells dividing

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62
Q

what did Rudolph vurchow reason

A

that all sells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

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63
Q

cell theory: all living things are made of…

A

cells

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64
Q

cell theory: cells are the basic unit of …

A

structure and function in an organism basic unit of life

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65
Q

Cell theory: cells come from the…

A

reproduction of existing cells cell division

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66
Q

not all cells are… Even cells within the… organization Show enormous… In size shape and internal organization

A

alike, same, diversity

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67
Q

your body contains at least… Different types of cells

A

200

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68
Q

cell diversity

A

size, shape, internal organization

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69
Q

1665

A

Robert Hooke – used a microscope to the examine a thin slice of cork

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70
Q

1673

A

leeuwenhoek -Dutch microscope maker, first to view organisms

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71
Q

1838

A

Matthias schleidan – German botanist, plants are made of cells, cofounder of the cell theory

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72
Q

what did Robert Hook see?

A

small boxes

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73
Q

hook is responsible for… Hooke called them cells because they looked…

A

naming cells, the small rooms that monks lived in called cells

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74
Q

Leeuwenhoek used a…

A

simple, handheld microscope to view pond water and scraping from his teeth

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75
Q

Cell size

A

A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by unaided eye

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76
Q

The female egg

A

The largest cell in the body and can be seen without the aid of a microscope

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77
Q

most cells are visible only with a…

A

microscope: microscopic

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78
Q

electron microscope smallest to largest

A

lipids, small molecules, proteins, 12 phage, chloroplast,most bacteria, plant and animal cells, fish egg

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79
Q

light microscope smallest to largest

A

chloroplast, most bacteria, plant and animal cells, fish egg

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80
Q

what can be seen by the unaided eye?

largest to smallest

A

Fish egg, hummingbird, human, great blue whale, giant red wood tree

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81
Q

cell shape

A

cells come in variety of shapes. This diversity of form reflects a diversity of function

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82
Q

cell shape: most cells have a ..

A

specific shape

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83
Q

The shape of a cell depends on its…

A

 function

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84
Q

cells of the nervous system that carry information from your toes to your brain are…

A

Long and thread like

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85
Q

blood cells are shaped like…

A

round disc that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels

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86
Q

Basic features of cell membrane: plasma membrane or cell membrane

A

The boundary between the cell and its environment

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87
Q

The plasma membrane…

A

Isolates the cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell and allows for interaction with other cells

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88
Q

genetic material: nucleus or nucleoid

A

each cell contains genetic material DNA which stores instructions for how the cell structure and function

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89
Q

where is genetic material found in eukaryotes

A

within a membrane bound nucleus

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90
Q

where is genetic material found in prokaryotes

A

Concentrated DNA molecule called a nucleoid Not surrounded by Membrane may have more than one copy of DNA molecule

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91
Q

cytoplasm

A

The fluid matrix (cytosol)inthe plasma membrane in which everything else in the cell like internal membrane particles & membrane bounded structures (organelles)are suspended

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92
Q

A cell cant survive if it’s totally…

A

isolated from its environment

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93
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

regulates what passes into and out of the cell

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94
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

thin layer of lipid and protein

95
Q

The cell membrane controls the…which is why the cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable

A

ease with which substances pass into and out of the cell some substances easily across the membrane, while others cannot cross at all

96
Q

everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus is the…

A

cell’s cytoplasm

97
Q

cytoplasm consists of…

A

two main components: cytosol and organelles

98
Q

cytosol is a…

A

Jellylike mixture that consists of mostly water, along with proteins, carbohydrates, salts, minerals and organic molecules

99
Q

Nucleus

A

A large organelle near the center of the cell

100
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

The cells genetic information and controls activities of the cell

101
Q

The nucleus is often…

A

The most prominent structure within a eukaryotic cell

102
Q

the nucleus maintains its ..

A

shape with the help of a protein skeleton known as the nuclear matrix

103
Q

what’s the function of the nucleus

A

it’s the control center or brain of the cell

104
Q

most cells have a…

A

Single nucleus some cells have more than

105
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by a…

A

double layered membrane called the nuclear envelope

106
Q

what’s the nuclear envelope

A

covered with many small pores through which proteins and chemical messages from the nucleus can pass

107
Q

The nucleus contains… Which is the…

A

DNA, hereditary material of cells

108
Q

DNA is in the form of…

A

Long strand called chromatin

109
Q

during cell division chromatin strands…

A

coil and condenses into thick structures called chromosomes

110
Q

How many nucleolus (pl.nucleoli) do most nuclei contain

A

at least one

111
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

makes or synthesizes ribosomes which build proteins

112
Q

where is the nucleolus located

A

in the nucleus

113
Q

The nucleus is… Than nucleolus

A

bigger

114
Q

what’s the difference in components with the nucleus and the nucleolus 

A

nucleus has a DNA you nucleolus has RNA

115
Q

The nucleus has a… But the nucleolus doesn’t

A

membrane

116
Q

what’s important for classifying cells

A

The presence or absence of a nucleus 

117
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms who sell contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

118
Q

prokaryotes

A

organisms whose cells never contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

119
Q

prokaryotes example

A

unicellular organism such as bacteria and their relatives

120
Q

all other organisms that aren’t unicellular like bacteria are…

A

eukaryotes, plants, fish, mammals, insects and humans

121
Q

The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is isuch an important distinction that…

A

prokaryotes are classified in a kingdom separate from eukaryotes

122
Q

prokaryotes are… Than eukaryotes

A

smaller

123
Q

prokaryotes have… And eukaryotes dont

A

cell wall

124
Q

prokaryotes and eukaryotes have…

A

Cell membrane

125
Q

features of prokaryotic cells

A

generally very small and relatively simple

126
Q

external features of prokaryotic cells

A

The plasma membrane which may have infoldings called mesosomes

127
Q

external features of a prokaryotic cell: wall is…

A

rigid composed of a unique substance found only in the walls of prokaryotes called peptidoglycan (absent in archaebacteria)

128
Q

external features of prokaryotic cells: cell wall may secrete…

A

slime sheath or capsule to protect

129
Q

external features of prokaryotic cells: may have…

A

motile structures called flagella(differnt from eukaryotic cell flagella)

130
Q

external features of prokaryotic cells: some have…

A

tiny projections called pili which help attract bacteria services

131
Q

interior of a prokaryotic cell: concentrate…

A

DNA molecule circular called a nucleoid not surrounded by membranes may have more than 1 copy of the DNA molecule

132
Q

interior of prokaryotic cells: may have…

A

plasmids independent DNA fragment that carry a specific piece of genetic information

133
Q

plasmids can be…

A

transmitted from one bacterium to another or from the environment to bacterium

134
Q

interior of prokaryotic cells::

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes composed of RNA and proteins, no inter-membrane bonded structure or organelles

135
Q

what’s the  unique substance that makes the walls of prokaryotic cells?

A

peptidoglycan

136
Q

which prokaryotic cells lack peptidoglycan

A

archaebacteria

137
Q

what are the tiny projections that help attach bacteria to surface is called

A

pili

138
Q

prokaryotes have

A

Nucleoid, plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes composed of RNA proteins, no inter-membrane bonding structure

139
Q

features of eukaryotic cell: have a…

A

System of internal membrane bounded structures called organelles

140
Q

features of eukaryotic cell: nucleus bounded by…

A

nuclear envelope

141
Q

what organelles are suspended in eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm or cytosol

142
Q

eukaryotic cells have greater…

A

efficiency for cell activities

143
Q

what’s suspended in the cytosol in eukaryotic cells

A

organelles

144
Q

what are organelles in eukaryotic cells

A

structures that work like miniature organs, they carry out specific functions in the cell

145
Q

where are mitochondria found

A

scattered throughout the cytosol and are relatively large organelles

146
Q

mitochondria are the sites of…

A

Chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP

147
Q

mitochondria:energy contain in food is…

A

released then converted to ATP

148
Q

what’s ATP

A

The molecule that most cells use as their main energy currency

149
Q

mitochondria is known as the…

A

powerhouse of the cell

150
Q

mitochondria are usually more numerous in…

A

cells that have a high energy requirement

151
Q

what organ in your body contains a large number of mitochondria

A

 muscles

152
Q

The number of mitochondria the cell depends on…

A

activity of the cell

153
Q

ADP abbreviation

A

adenosine diphosphate

154
Q

ATP abbreviation

A

adenosine triphosphate

155
Q

mitochondria is surrounded by…

A

two membranes

156
Q

mitochondria: the smoother outer membrane…

A

serves as a boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol

157
Q

mitochondria: the inner membrane has many…

A

Long folds known as cristae

158
Q

mitochondria: Cristae

A

greatly increases the surface area of the inner membrane, providing more space for the chemical reactions to occur

159
Q

mitochondria have their own…

A

DNA and new mitochondria rise only when existing ones grow and divide

160
Q

Cellular respiration

A

ATP production

161
Q

some people have….

A

hypothecy that it’s a prokaryotic cell injected in the eukaryotic cells

162
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is a…

A

System of membranes tubules and sacs

163
Q

The ER functions primarily as an..

A

intercellular highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another

164
Q

The amount of ER inside a cell…

A

fluctuate depending on the cells activity

165
Q

ER is an extensive…

A

network of membranes that connect the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane

166
Q

ER can be…

A

Rough or smooth

167
Q

Rough ER is…

A

studded with ribosomes and processes proteins to be exported from the cell

168
Q

smooth ER is..

A

not covered with ribosomes and processes lipids and carbohydrates

169
Q

the smooth ER is involved in the…

A

synthesis of steroids & gland cells, the regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells & the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells

170
Q

cistrae is in… And cisternae is in…

A

mitochondria, golgi apparatus

171
Q

The Golgi apparatus is the..

A

processing, packaging and secreting organelle of the cell

172
Q

The Golgi apparatus is a system of…

A

membranes made of flattened sacs like structures called cisternae

173
Q

Golgi apparatus works closely with the..

A

ER the Golgi apparatus modifies proteins for export by the cell

174
Q

lysosomes are…

A

small spherical organelles that enclose hydrolytic enzymes within a single membrane

175
Q

lysosomes are the site of…

A

food digestion in the cell

176
Q

lysosomes are formed from…

A

pieces of the Golgi apparatus that break off

177
Q

lysosomes are common in the…

A

cells and animal call maysam guy, process but rare in plant cells

178
Q

An animal cell needs…

A

Structures to maintain its shape and size: cytoskeleton

179
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

in animal cells, an internal framework maintains the shape of the cell

180
Q

The cytoskeleton maintains the…

A

3-D structure of the cell, participate in the movement of organelles within the cytosol and helps the cell move

181
Q

The cytoskeleton is a network of…

A

Long protein strands located in the side of soul that are not surrounded by a membrane

182
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of 2 types of structures:

A

microfilaments and microtubules

183
Q

Microfilaments or NOT…

A

hallow and have a structure that resembles rope made of 2 twisted chains of protein called Actin

184
Q

microfilaments can…

A

contract causing movement

185
Q

Which cells have many Microfilaments

A

muscle cells

186
Q

Microtubules are…

A

Hallow tubes like plumbing pipes the largest strands of the cytoskeleton

187
Q

microtubules are made of a…

A

protein called tubulin

188
Q

Cilia and flagella are…

A

hair like organelles that extend from the surface of the cell where they assist in movement

189
Q

cilia are ..

A

short hair-like projections

190
Q

Flagella are…

A

Long whip like projections

191
Q

Cilia and flagella of the eukaryotes consist of…

A

One pair of microtubules surrounded by nine more pairs

192
Q

Cilia are often…

A

numerous

193
Q

Flagella are often…

A

Singular

194
Q

Unicellular organisms such as… Move through water

A

paramecium euglena use cilia and flagella

195
Q

Sperm use…

A

flagella to swim to the egg

196
Q

In humans, beating…

A

cilia line parts of the respiratory system moving dust particles and bacteria away from the lungs

197
Q

scientists have identified more than… But estimate… Species inhabit the earth

A

2 million species of organisms, 40 million

198
Q

scientists estimate that there may be… And an… Yet undiscovered

A

Millions of species in the tropical rainforest, unspecified number living in the oceans

199
Q

organisms were first classified more than… By…

A

2000 years ago, Greek philosopher named Aristotle

200
Q

Aristotle classify living things as either… Or…

A

Plant or animal

201
Q

Aristotle groups animals into… And…

A

water dwellers and air dwellers

202
Q

Aristotle group plants into three categories based on…

A

differences in their stems

203
Q

carl von linne (Carlos Linnaeus) 

A

mid 1700s Swedish biologist established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms

204
Q

what did Linnaeus develop?

A

A hierarchy for classifying organisms that is the basis for modern taxonomy

205
Q

Linnaeus used… Which is the form and structure to categorize it

A

morphology

206
Q

which system of Linnaeus is still being used today?

A

morphology

207
Q

Linnaeus establish a system of groups called

A

taxa (taxon)

208
Q

example of classification:classify Lynx rufus(cat)

A

Kingdom: and Amelia, phylum: Cordata, class: Amelia, Order: carnivora, Family: felidae, genus: Lynx,
species: rufus

209
Q

Example of classification: Panthera Leo (lion)

A

Kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Cordata, class: Mammalia, order:carnivora, Family: Felidae, genus: Panthera, species: leo

210
Q

example of classification: Coperinus comatus (mushrroms)

A

Kingdom: fungi, phylum: basidiomycola, class: homobadidiomycelae, order: Agaricales, Family: copticacae, genus: coprinus , species: comatus

211
Q

Classification in order

A

Kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species

212
Q

Kingdom fungi (mycetae) 

A

100,000 species, eukaryotic have organelles, either unicellular or multicellular, saprophytic or parasitic, referred you sexually or asexually, cell walls made of chitin

213
Q

As modern times developed in the 15th and 16th centuries Aristotle system was…

A

Inadequate

214
Q

using… For an organism presented its own problems

A

common names

215
Q

What are the two problems that common names created?

A

they varied from 1 locale to the next & may not describe species accurately

216
Q

Each… Is a catogary into which related organisms are placed

A

taxon

217
Q

Finesse used Latin names for the…

A

taxa

218
Q

why did Linnaeus use Latin for taxa?

A

it was the language of educated people and not an every day language likely to change

219
Q

examples of classification: humans or Homo sapiens

A

Kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Chordata, sub phylum: Vertebrata, class: mammalia, sub class: placantalia, order: primates, family: hominidae, genus: homo, species: sapiens

220
Q

The genus should be written in… While the species should be writen in…

A

uppercase ; lowercase (underlined or italics)

221
Q

how will an organism be referred to?

A

genus name will be abbreviated to a single letter (e.g B. cerus)

222
Q

what’s the third name sometimes given using the linnaeun classifactoon system

A

subspecies or strain name which usually differ in only minor character

223
Q

Kingdom Protista: (protoctista)

A

organism that lacks tissue, unicellular protozoan, algae unicellular, thread filamentous

224
Q

The kingdom Protista has a… Means of nutrition 

A

Variety

225
Q

Kingdom Protista reproduction

A

sexually or asexually but don’t develop from embryo

226
Q

Kingdom planate

A

250,000 species, multicellular eukaryotic cells, photosynthetic autotrophs, cells secrete a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane (cellulose), sexual and asexual reproduction, developembryo

227
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

1M species, eukaryotic cells & are multicellular, cells lack cell walls, at some stage of development capable of movement, sexual reproduction & develop from embryo, heterotrophic 

228
Q

Viruses are always mistaken and included in

A

the kingdom Monera, consist of nucleic acids proteins and usually a little lipid

229
Q

Viruses have no capacity to carry out…

A

Biochemical reactions necessary for life

230
Q

what do viruses do to survive?

A

invade and take other cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic

231
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

using biochemical systems of that cell for their own designs

232
Q

What are viruses specific about?

A

species they will infect & which cells in the organisms they can reroduce in 

233
Q

viruses that infect bacteria are referred to as…

A

phages: also specific about the species will attack & utilize for reproduction

234
Q

phages example

A

phage that infect cells of species is wscherichia coli usually won’t infect cells of bacillus cereus

cell bio (2 decks)

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