ASPD, CD, and Psychopathy

Question 1

What is the stress diathesis model?

Answer 1

This isn’t really it…

Tell me the gene, and the allele of the gene, and the stressor and we’ll be able to predict the risk/likelihood of developing psychopathology

Question 2

What is the cutoff age between childhood- and adolescent onset type CD?

Answer 2

10 years

Question 3

What is one of the strongest predictors of poor outcomes for CD?

Answer 3

Early onset

Question 4

Is ASPD culture bound?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

The prevalence of ASPD in men is __% and __% in women.

Answer 5

2-4%; 0.5-1%

Question 6

The prevalence of CD is __% in boys and __% in girls.

Answer 6

9%; 2%

Question 7

What 2 types of underlying mechanisms may explain gender differences in ASPD? Give examples for each.

Answer 7

Genetic (genes that predispose people to ASPD either unexpressed or diff. expressed in women) and cultural (internalizing vs. externalizing anger for women and men respectively)

Question 8

__% of girls with CD and __% of boys with CD develop ASPD.

Answer 8

25%; 40%

Question 9

In prison studies, up to ___% of men and ___% of women are antisocial.

Answer 9

80%; 65%

Question 10

What are 4 potential causes of ASPD?

Answer 10

Genetic diathesis, environmental risk factors contributing to gene expression, and neurobiology.

Question 11

What are 2 examples of genetic diathesis that may cause ASPD?

Answer 11

• Concordance of MZ twins (67%) was higher than DZ twins (31%).
• People with relatives with ASPD are more likely to have it than people who don’t.

Question 12

What are 2 examples of environmental risk factors that may cause ASPD?

Answer 12

• People w/ASPD are more likely than others to report child abuse history.
• 85% of abused children w/a low-activity variant of a gene influencing levels of MAOA developed antisocial behavior. In contrast, children who experienced similar abuse but had a high activity variant of the gene rarely exhibited antisocial behaviors in adulthood.
• In a study of black youths in the 1970s, children w/out antisocial symptoms were NOT at risk for ASPD even when they were raised in poverty, but children w/high rates of antisocial symptoms WERE at risk for ASPD even when raised in white-collar settings.

Question 13

What are 2 examples of neurobiological causes of ASPD?

Answer 13

• Autonomic Under-arousal – antisocial people need more sensory input to have normal brain function than normal people. This need for heightened arousal may lead to potentially dangerous/risky behavior.
• Low resting pulse rate, low skin conductance, and increased amplitude on event-related potentials.

Question 14

Which gender has most research of ODD and CD been conducted on?

Answer 14

Males

Question 15

Most children with CD have early histories of which disorder?

Answer 15

ODD

Question 16

The criterion with the most diagnostic utility for predicting CD in girls was _______, even though this criterion was less frequent in girls than boys.

Answer 16

Fighting

Question 17

What are the primary gender differences in the symptom presentation of disruptive behavior disorders in children?

Answer 17

• Girls are internalizing and boys are externalizing.
• Girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with one or more comorbid disorders (adhd, anxiety, depressive disorders, personality disorder) & academic underachievement.
• Boys have higher rates of hostile aggression

Question 18

What is hostile aggression and instrumental aggression? What (if any) are the gender differences in prevalence?

Answer 18

Hostile aggression is harm with intention to inflict pain w/out benefit to aggressor. Instrumental aggression is harm to gain benefit with indifference to infliction of pain. Boys have more hostile aggression than girls. No gender difference for instrumental aggression.

Question 19

What is the gender difference in adult perception of conduct problems in boys and girls?

Answer 19

Fathers tolerate physical aggression in boys but see internalizing behaviors in girls as problematic. Mothers and female teachers do not view the internalizing behaviors of girls as problematic.

Question 20

Children with severe conduct problems and ODD have parents with a _____ rate of ASPD and substance abuse. This is especially true for biological _________.

Answer 20

High; fathers