Anxiety Disorders and PTSD Flashcards
What are the types of anxiety disorders in the DSM-IV?
Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, GAD, and OCD (which was moved into another category in DSM-5)
What is the F:M ratio for prevalence rates of anxiety disorders?
2-3:1
What is specific phobia?
Marked and persistent fear of circumscribed objects or situations, which causes social or occupational impairment and significant emotional distress.
For most people, what age do specific phobias develop by?
25
Which gender is more likely to develop specific phobias? How much more likely?
Women; 3-4x
How do the physiological responses to phobias compare in men & women?
They are analagous
What is social phobia?
Persistent fear of situations in which an individual may be open to scrutiny by others
Which phobic disorder (specific or social) has a greater effect on quality of life?
Social
___% of people with social phobia develop it by age 15, and over ___% of people with social phobia develop it by age 28.
56%; 85%
What are the most common comorbid conditions with social phobia?
Specific phobia, agoraphobia, MDD, and alcohol abuse.
In clinical populations of social phobia, depression and suicidal ideation are found in over ___% of patients and alcohol abuse is seen in up to ___%
90%; 50%
Does social phobia occur more frequently in women or men?
Women
Which of the following anxiety disorders is LEAST common in women? Specific phobia, social phobia, or agoraphobia?
Social phobia
What is the prevalence rate of social phobia and what percentage are women?
2.4%; 70%
For social phobia, which gender is seen more in clinical settings and why?
Men are seen more than women because women have relatively less social dysfunction associated with the disorder.
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of public places, specifically crowded places
Over ___% of people with agoraphobia develop it by age 15, and ___% of people with agoraphobia develop it by age 25.
50%; 70%
What is the F:M sex ratio of lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia?
2:1
Which gender is more likely to report agoraphobia symptoms to a doctor?
Men
Is agoraphobia culture bound?
No (Canada, Germany and Taiwan found similar gender differences in prevalence rates)
What are some potential sociocultural explanations for higher rates of agoraphobia in women?
- Women aren’t taught mastery and assertiveness, which helps overcome fear
- Women in unequal marriages may have economic concerns and traditional fears that accompany the female marital role
- Agoraphobia severity is negatively correlated with scores on masculinity scales for women.
The range of peak age of onset for agoraphobia is broader in _________ than __________.
Women; men
In people with agoraphobia, which gender has a higher risk of remaining ill?
Neither. It is the same.
What is panic disorder?
A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort which starts abruptly and peaks within 10 minutes.
What is an example of the heritability of panic disorder
First degree relatives of people with PD are 5x more likely to develop PD with agoraphobia than relatives of people without PD.
Is uncomplicated panic or agoraphobia more frequent in women?
uncomplicated panic
What are the most common comorbid conditions with panic disorder?
Agoraphobia is the most common, but also specific phobia, GAD, and MDD
Which gender has a stronger relationship between panic disorder and alcohol abuse?
Men
Women are ________ as likely to experience panic disorder remission as men, but _______ as likely to suffer recurrence.
Equally; twice
Women with premenstrual disorders (PMDD) are prone to developing PD after exposure to __________.
Anxiogenic compounds
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Excessive anxiety and worry occurring most days for at least 6 months about a number events/activities. The worry must not be restricted to concerns about phobias, panic, obsessions or compulsions. Symptoms aren’t explained by another disorder
What is the F:M ratio for GAD?
2:1
The 1-year prevalence rate for GAD is ___% in women and___% in men.
2-5%; 1-2%
How does the course of GAD compare between men and women?
No gender difference in course. risks of remission and relapse are similar.
Genetic factors play a significant role in the etiology of GAD for __________.
Women
What is an obsession?
Recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and inappropriate thoughts, impulses, or images, that aren’t simply about real-life problems, requiring subsequent thoughts or actions to neutralize the obsessions, and are the result of the person’s own mind
What is a compulsion?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to do in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, in order to reduce distress
How do prevalence rates for OCD compare between genders?
No difference
What is the age of onset of OCD for men?
5-15 years
What is the age of onset of OCD for women?
26-35 years
Which obsessions are more common in women than men?
Food and weight, including anorexia diagnosis.
Which compulsions are more common in women than men?
Washing
Which compulsions are more common in men than women?
Checking
Which gender has a higher prevalence of trichotillomania?
Women
What do the findings from Kimmerling’s citation of a study on U.S. and Mexican natural disaster survivors tell us about the relationship between gender, culture, and PTSD?
Culture moderated the relationship between gender and PTSD. Cultures with more emphasis on traditional gender roles (Mexico) had greater gender disparities in PTSD rates than cultures with less (U.S.)
What is an example of gender moderating the relationship between two or more trauma related variables?
Children and adolescents with abuse-related PTSD fail to show expected age-related brain growth in the corpus callosum, and these neurological effects are more severe among males than females.
Although _______ are more likely to experience a traumatic life event, _________ are more likely to develop PTSD.
Men; women
What are the lifetime prevalence rates of trauma exposure for men and women?
61%; 51%
Are gender differences in trauma exposure rates culture bound?
No. U.S., Canada, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, China, & Mexico also documented elevated rates of trauma exposure among men compared with women.
According to the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) among people exposed to trauma, ___% of women and ___% of men developed PTSD.
20%; 8%
What is the relationship between gender and PTSD rates following rape?
There is no gender difference in PTSD rates following rape.
F:M ratio of risk for PTSD is close to ___, regardless of the absolute rate of PTSD reported.
2:1
Although _________ have higher traumatic exposure than _________, the traumas that __________ experience are more severe.
Men; women; women
List three examples of the importance of social-context in gender differences in rates of PTSD and outcomes following trauma exposure.
- In military samples, the relationship between deployment social support and post-deployment mental health is stronger for women than men.
- Women are more often victims of interpersonal violence associated with negative or stigmatizing social responses (e.g. sexual assault, intimate partner violence).
- Female crime victims typically experience greater negative social responses than men
How does gender affect social responses to reports of childhood sex abuse?
Women were more likely to report than men. Men and women were equally likely to experience a negative social response to their reports, but that negative response was reportedly 2x as intense for women than men.
What are some findings about the relationship between gender, marital/family status, and PTSD?
- Marital status was a risk factor for poorer outcomes among women but not men
- In married couples, the severity of the husband’s PTSD symptoms had a greater impact on his female partner’s symptoms, than do the severity of a wife’s PTSD symptoms on her male partner.
- The more accurately a man appraises his wife’s stressor exposure, the greater the beneficial impact of marital social support on her trauma-related distress. However, the accuracy of a women’s perception of her husband’s PTSD symptoms are unrelated to his satisfaction with spousal support.
- Mothers are especially at risk for psychological distress following trauma. Because of the maternal emphasis on close relationships, mothers, may be at risk when a trauma such as natural disaster is experienced with loved ones.
There are a number of gender differences in how men & women respond to trauma & develop PTSD. Write a paragraph about what we know. Give 3 or 4 major points.
- Men get into fights but women experience more intimate partner violence.
- Men may be a single instance w/more assailants, but women are victims of repeated assaults by one person (intimate partner violence)
- Women are very affected by social support & the marital status influences women more than men
- Men figuring out how traumatized the women are makes a bigger positive impact than women figuring out how traumatized the men are
Which gender gets more affected by early childhood trauma in terms of having trouble in terms of expressing emotions? A) female, B) male, C) both?
C, both
