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FINAL - Gender & Psychopathology > Anxiety Disorders and PTSD > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders and PTSD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of anxiety disorders in the DSM-IV?

A

Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, GAD, and OCD (which was moved into another category in DSM-5)

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2
Q

What is the F:M ratio for prevalence rates of anxiety disorders?

A

2-3:1

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3
Q

What is specific phobia?

A

Marked and persistent fear of circumscribed objects or situations, which causes social or occupational impairment and significant emotional distress.

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4
Q

For most people, what age do specific phobias develop by?

A

25

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5
Q

Which gender is more likely to develop specific phobias? How much more likely?

A

Women; 3-4x

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6
Q

How do the physiological responses to phobias compare in men & women?

A

They are analagous

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7
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Persistent fear of situations in which an individual may be open to scrutiny by others

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8
Q

Which phobic disorder (specific or social) has a greater effect on quality of life?

A

Social

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9
Q

___% of people with social phobia develop it by age 15, and over ___% of people with social phobia develop it by age 28.

A

56%; 85%

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10
Q

What are the most common comorbid conditions with social phobia?

A

Specific phobia, agoraphobia, MDD, and alcohol abuse.

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11
Q

In clinical populations of social phobia, depression and suicidal ideation are found in over ___% of patients and alcohol abuse is seen in up to ___%

A

90%; 50%

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12
Q

Does social phobia occur more frequently in women or men?

A

Women

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13
Q

Which of the following anxiety disorders is LEAST common in women? Specific phobia, social phobia, or agoraphobia?

A

Social phobia

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14
Q

What is the prevalence rate of social phobia and what percentage are women?

A

2.4%; 70%

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15
Q

For social phobia, which gender is seen more in clinical settings and why?

A

Men are seen more than women because women have relatively less social dysfunction associated with the disorder.

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16
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of public places, specifically crowded places

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17
Q

Over ___% of people with agoraphobia develop it by age 15, and ___% of people with agoraphobia develop it by age 25.

A

50%; 70%

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18
Q

What is the F:M sex ratio of lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia?

A

2:1

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19
Q

Which gender is more likely to report agoraphobia symptoms to a doctor?

A

Men

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20
Q

Is agoraphobia culture bound?

A

No (Canada, Germany and Taiwan found similar gender differences in prevalence rates)

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21
Q

What are some potential sociocultural explanations for higher rates of agoraphobia in women?

A
  • Women aren’t taught mastery and assertiveness, which helps overcome fear
  • Women in unequal marriages may have economic concerns and traditional fears that accompany the female marital role
  • Agoraphobia severity is negatively correlated with scores on masculinity scales for women.
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22
Q

The range of peak age of onset for agoraphobia is broader in _________ than __________.

A

Women; men

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23
Q

In people with agoraphobia, which gender has a higher risk of remaining ill?

A

Neither. It is the same.

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24
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort which starts abruptly and peaks within 10 minutes.

25
Q

What is an example of the heritability of panic disorder

A

First degree relatives of people with PD are 5x more likely to develop PD with agoraphobia than relatives of people without PD.

26
Q

Is uncomplicated panic or agoraphobia more frequent in women?

A

uncomplicated panic

27
Q

What are the most common comorbid conditions with panic disorder?

A

Agoraphobia is the most common, but also specific phobia, GAD, and MDD

28
Q

Which gender has a stronger relationship between panic disorder and alcohol abuse?

A

Men

29
Q

Women are ________ as likely to experience panic disorder remission as men, but _______ as likely to suffer recurrence.

A

Equally; twice

30
Q

Women with premenstrual disorders (PMDD) are prone to developing PD after exposure to __________.

A

Anxiogenic compounds

31
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry occurring most days for at least 6 months about a number events/activities. The worry must not be restricted to concerns about phobias, panic, obsessions or compulsions. Symptoms aren’t explained by another disorder

32
Q

What is the F:M ratio for GAD?

A

2:1

33
Q

The 1-year prevalence rate for GAD is ___% in women and___% in men.

A

2-5%; 1-2%

34
Q

How does the course of GAD compare between men and women?

A

No gender difference in course. risks of remission and relapse are similar.

35
Q

Genetic factors play a significant role in the etiology of GAD for __________.

A

Women

36
Q

What is an obsession?

A

Recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and inappropriate thoughts, impulses, or images, that aren’t simply about real-life problems, requiring subsequent thoughts or actions to neutralize the obsessions, and are the result of the person’s own mind

37
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to do in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, in order to reduce distress

38
Q

How do prevalence rates for OCD compare between genders?

A

No difference

39
Q

What is the age of onset of OCD for men?

A

5-15 years

40
Q

What is the age of onset of OCD for women?

A

26-35 years

41
Q

Which obsessions are more common in women than men?

A

Food and weight, including anorexia diagnosis.

42
Q

Which compulsions are more common in women than men?

A

Washing

43
Q

Which compulsions are more common in men than women?

A

Checking

44
Q

Which gender has a higher prevalence of trichotillomania?

A

Women

45
Q

What do the findings from Kimmerling’s citation of a study on U.S. and Mexican natural disaster survivors tell us about the relationship between gender, culture, and PTSD?

A

Culture moderated the relationship between gender and PTSD. Cultures with more emphasis on traditional gender roles (Mexico) had greater gender disparities in PTSD rates than cultures with less (U.S.)

46
Q

What is an example of gender moderating the relationship between two or more trauma related variables?

A

Children and adolescents with abuse-related PTSD fail to show expected age-related brain growth in the corpus callosum, and these neurological effects are more severe among males than females.

47
Q

Although _______ are more likely to experience a traumatic life event, _________ are more likely to develop PTSD.

A

Men; women

48
Q

What are the lifetime prevalence rates of trauma exposure for men and women?

A

61%; 51%

49
Q

Are gender differences in trauma exposure rates culture bound?

A

No. U.S., Canada, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, China, & Mexico also documented elevated rates of trauma exposure among men compared with women.

50
Q

According to the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) among people exposed to trauma, ___% of women and ___% of men developed PTSD.

A

20%; 8%

51
Q

What is the relationship between gender and PTSD rates following rape?

A

There is no gender difference in PTSD rates following rape.

52
Q

F:M ratio of risk for PTSD is close to ___, regardless of the absolute rate of PTSD reported.

A

2:1

53
Q

Although _________ have higher traumatic exposure than _________, the traumas that __________ experience are more severe.

A

Men; women; women

54
Q

List three examples of the importance of social-context in gender differences in rates of PTSD and outcomes following trauma exposure.

A
  • In military samples, the relationship between deployment social support and post-deployment mental health is stronger for women than men.
  • Women are more often victims of interpersonal violence associated with negative or stigmatizing social responses (e.g. sexual assault, intimate partner violence).
  • Female crime victims typically experience greater negative social responses than men
55
Q

How does gender affect social responses to reports of childhood sex abuse?

A

Women were more likely to report than men. Men and women were equally likely to experience a negative social response to their reports, but that negative response was reportedly 2x as intense for women than men.

56
Q

What are some findings about the relationship between gender, marital/family status, and PTSD?

A
  • Marital status was a risk factor for poorer outcomes among women but not men
  • In married couples, the severity of the husband’s PTSD symptoms had a greater impact on his female partner’s symptoms, than do the severity of a wife’s PTSD symptoms on her male partner.
  • The more accurately a man appraises his wife’s stressor exposure, the greater the beneficial impact of marital social support on her trauma-related distress. However, the accuracy of a women’s perception of her husband’s PTSD symptoms are unrelated to his satisfaction with spousal support.
  • Mothers are especially at risk for psychological distress following trauma. Because of the maternal emphasis on close relationships, mothers, may be at risk when a trauma such as natural disaster is experienced with loved ones.
57
Q

There are a number of gender differences in how men & women respond to trauma & develop PTSD. Write a paragraph about what we know. Give 3 or 4 major points.

A
  • Men get into fights but women experience more intimate partner violence.
  • Men may be a single instance w/more assailants, but women are victims of repeated assaults by one person (intimate partner violence)
  • Women are very affected by social support & the marital status influences women more than men
  • Men figuring out how traumatized the women are makes a bigger positive impact than women figuring out how traumatized the men are
58
Q

Which gender gets more affected by early childhood trauma in terms of having trouble in terms of expressing emotions? A) female, B) male, C) both?

A

C, both

FINAL - Gender & Psychopathology (5 decks)

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