ASOS 1 Flashcards
How are countries classified as low, middle and high income countries?
The WORLD BANK uses a country’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita to measure if low, middle or high income countries.
What is Gross National Income?
The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
What is Gross Domestic Product?
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
What are two economic characteristics of a high income country?
- Often have a wide range of industries including mining, processing, manufacturing, education
- higher average incomes
What are two enviromental characteristics of a high income country?
- access to safe water and sanitation
- Developed infrastructure such as adequate hosuing
What are two social characteristics of a high income country?
- Often experience gender equality providing opportunity and choice for education, employment, recreation
- Low birth rates due to access to contraception, education and career choices
What are two health status rates that high income countries have?
- Low mortality rates
- Longer life expectancy
What are two economic characteristics of a upper middle country?
- In the process of building infrastructure to facilitate global trading links
- Relatives low proportion of population living in poverty
What are two social characteristics of a upper middle country?
- decent opportunity for employment
- Lack access to suitable healthcare
What are two environmental characteristics of a upper middle country?
- Large proportion of population living in inadequate housing (urban slums)
- High levels of CO2 emissions (changing climates)
What are two health status rates that upper middle income countries have?
- high mortality
- low life expectancy
What are two economic characteristics of a lower middle country?
- Significant proportion of population living in poverty
- Often have a limited range of industries usually centred around farming and primary production
What are two social characteristics of a lower middle country?
- High birth rates/high rate population growth (related to access to contraception)
- Limited opportunity for education and career options
What are two environmental characteristics of a lower middle country?
- Poor air quality
- Poor access to
safe water and
sanitation
What are two health status rates that lower middle income countries have?
- High material mortality—poor access to maternal health services
- Much higher burden of disease (than high income) especially due to communicable disease
What are two economic characteristics of a lower income country?
- Large proportion of population living in poverty
- Poor infrastructure which limits global trade
What are two social characteristics of a lower income country?
- Often experience gender inequality such as women having limited opportunity for education/work
- Often have a lack of access to technology which impacts on the ability of citizens to gain an education
What are two environmental characteristics of a lower income country?
- Often lack food security (often lack financial resources)
- Often lack adequate housing (poor ventilation, lack of heating/cooling, running water, cooking facilities)
What are two health status rates that low income countries have?
- high U5MR— poor health literacy for mothers and availability of maternal health service
- High mortality rates—poor access to immunisations or clean water/sanitation
What is Human Development?
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
What is Human Development Index?
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development.
What are the four indicators of HDI?
- Life Expectancy at birth
- Mean Years of Schooling
- Expected Years Of Schooling
- Gross National Income per capita
What is life expectancy at birth? (HDI- indicator)
An indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.
What is mean years of schooling (HDI- indicator)
The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over
What is expected years of schooling? (HDI- indicator)
The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age
What is gross national income per capita? (HDI- indicator)
the overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country.
How is HDI measured?
0-1 (1 being the highest)
What are the three dimensions of HDI?
- A long healthy life
- Knowledge
- A decent standard of living
What are two advantages of the HDI?
- The HDI takes more than just gross national income per capita, more holistic point of view as it takes into account other factors.
- It is a single measurement that can be easily compared.
What are two disadvantages of the HDI?
- Not all areas of development are included such as gender equality, levels of discrimination
- Is based off averages therefore does not reveal the range of levels of human development in a population.
What is sustainability?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What are the three dimensions of sustainability?
- Economic sustainability
- Social sustainability
- Environmental sustainability