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health unit 4 > ASOS 1 > Flashcards

ASOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are countries classified as low, middle and high income countries?

A

The WORLD BANK uses a country’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita to measure if low, middle or high income countries.

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2
Q

What is Gross National Income?

A

The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country

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3
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product?

A

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

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4
Q

What are three characteristics of a high income country?

A
  1. Often have a wide range of industries including mining, processing, manufacturing, education
  2. access to safe water and sanitation
  3. Low birth rates due to access to contraception, education and career choices
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5
Q

Three characteristics of middle income country

A
  1. Limited access to safe water and sanitation
  2. Adequate health system

3.In the process of building infrastructure to facilitate global trading links

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6
Q

What are three characteristics of a low income country?

A
  1. Low levels of education
  2. Often lack adequate housing (poor ventilation, lack of heating/cooling, running water, cooking facilities)
  3. Often experience gender inequality such as women having limited opportunity for education/work
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7
Q

What is Human Development?

A

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

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8
Q

What is Human Development Index?

A

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development.

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9
Q

What are the four indicators of HDI?

A
  1. Life Expectancy at birth
  2. Mean Years of Schooling
  3. Expected Years Of Schooling
  4. Gross National Income per capita
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10
Q

What is life expectancy at birth? (HDI- indicator)

A

An indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

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11
Q

What is mean years of schooling (HDI- indicator)

A

The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

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12
Q

What is expected years of schooling? (HDI- indicator)

A

The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

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13
Q

What is gross national income per capita? (HDI- indicator)

A

the overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country.

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14
Q

How is HDI measured?

A

0-1 (1 being the highest)

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15
Q

What are the three dimensions of HDI?

A
  1. A long healthy life
  2. Knowledge
  3. A decent standard of living
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16
Q

What are two advantages of the HDI?

A
  1. The HDI takes more than just gross national income per capita, more holistic point of view as it takes into account other factors.
  2. It is a single measurement that can be easily compared and understood.
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17
Q

What are two disadvantages of the HDI?

A
  1. Not all areas of development are included such as gender equality, levels of discrimination which would effect the levels of human development experience.
  2. Is based off averages therefore does not reveal the range of levels of human development in a population.
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18
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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19
Q

What are the three dimensions of sustainability?

A
  1. Economic sustainability
  2. Social sustainability
  3. Environmental sustainability
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20
Q

What is economic sustainability?

A

the capacity for future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time.

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21
Q

What is social sustainability?

A

Social sustainability creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely

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22
Q

What is environmental sustainability?

A

Ensuring the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve resources in the future

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23
Q

What are two examples of economic sustainability?

A
  1. Innovation of diversity of industries
  2. Job creation

*Make sure to link to dimension

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24
Q

What are two examples of social sustainability?

A
  1. Gender Equality
  2. Peace and security

*Make sure to link to dimension

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25
Q

What are two examples of environmental sustainability?

A
  1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
  2. Waste removal and pollution

*Make sure to link to dimension

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26
Q

What is double burden of disease?

A

When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity

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27
Q

What is clean water/ safe water?

A

Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury

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28
Q

What are three things we use clean/ safe water for?

A
  1. Consumption
  2. Food preparation and cooking
  3. Washing and hygiene
  4. Agriculture and production
29
Q

Three impacts of unsafe water?

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Gender inequality
  4. Illness
30
Q

What does sanitation mean?

A

Generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

31
Q

What do we need adequate sanitation for?

A
  1. a flushing toilet or covered latrine
  2. hygienic removal or containment of the
    waste products.
32
Q

What are two impacts of poor sanitation?

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. cholera
  3. typhoid
33
Q

What is poverty?

A

Poverty refers to deprivation. This can be in terms of income, food, shelter, clean water and healthcare, social inclusion, opportunities for education and decision making

34
Q

What are two ways poverty are classified as?

A
  1. Absolute poverty/extreme poverty
  2. Relative Poverty
35
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

Those living on less than 50 per cent of their country’s average income.

36
Q

What is absolute poverty/extreme poverty

A

Those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$1.90 a day).

37
Q

What are three resources poverty can prevent access to?

A
  1. Adequate housing
  2. Healthcare
  3. Education
38
Q

What is equality?

A

Equal access to resources and opportunities

39
Q

What is inequality?

A

An inability to access resources such as education, employment and healthcare.

40
Q

Why does inequality happen?

A

Discrimination is the reason these resources remain out of reach for many

41
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Discrimination when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

42
Q

What are three things discrimination can lead to?

A
  1. Refused jobs
  2. Physical abuse
  3. Refused opportunities for education
43
Q

What is gender identity?

A

Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither

44
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

Describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to. It is also associated with discrimination and inequality around the world.

45
Q

What is sex?

A

Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth. In most cases, people are born as either male or female, although some people are born with a combination of both male and female characteristics, referred to as ‘intersex’.

46
Q

Four Global trends

A
  1. Climate Change
  2. Conflict and mass migration
  3. Increased world trad and tourism
  4. Digital technologies and increased knowledge sharing
47
Q

Why do tobacco manufactures target low and middle income countries?

A

In an attempt to make up lost revenue experienced in high-income countries Laws, taxes, regulations and public awareness campaigns that operate in many high-income countries are often non-existent in low- and middle-income countries.

48
Q

How can spending money on tobacco and alcohol impact individuals?

A

In an attempt to make up lost revenue experience money that is spent on tobacco and alcohol may leave less money available to spend on food, clothing, education and basic healthcare.

This directly impacts on the standard of living and increases the burden of disease.

49
Q

What are two tobacco trends?

A
  1. increasing rate of women smoking in low- and middle-income countries
  2. Children have also been influenced by advertising campaigns in low- and middle-income countries, and rates of children who smoke have increased.
50
Q

How has processed foods consumption increased in low and middle income countries?

A
  1. Increasing incomes, and the migration of many people from rural areas to major cities, has increased access to processed foods,
  2. Many people have neglected their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for westernised foods.
51
Q

What are two ways can the change in weather patterns contribute to incidence of infectious diseases?

A
  1. Mosquitos: Warmer temperatures are likely to produce ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
    This can lead to an increase malaria
  2. Floods and droughts also increase the risk of waterborne diseases as salt water can seep into fresh water supply and cause diarrhea.
52
Q

How can the rise in temperature increase the risk of infectious diseases (3 examples)?

A
  1. Mosquitos: Warmer temperatures are likely to produce ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
    This can lead to an increase malaria
  2. Floods and droughts also increase the risk of waterborne diseases as salt water can seep into fresh water supply and cause diarrhea.
  3. Pollen levels increase during periods of high heat and can trigger asthma
  4. Farmers struggling to grow crops due to droughts/ floods (since salt water aren’t optimal to grow crops)
53
Q

How can rising sea levels impact the availability of freshwater?

A
  1. Lead to increased levels of poverty, because people must pay large amounts of money to purchase clean water for drinking.
54
Q

What is mass migration?

A

Refers to movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another.

55
Q

What are three things conflict caused?

A
  1. governments spend money on weapons rather than healthcare/education
  2. physical environment destroyed (houses, schools, hospitals)
  3. women are at a greater risk of rape and abuse (reduced mental health)
56
Q

What are three things mass migration had led to?

A
  1. overcrowding in urban areas (increases spread of infectious disease)
  2. children drop out of school to work or beg for money
  3. refugee camps have very poor sanitation (increased risk of water borne diseases) and poor living conditions
57
Q

What is world trade?

A

Is the exchange of goods and services between
countries

  • promotes competition, which helps boost innovation and
    productivity and foster economic growth.
58
Q

What are two advantages of world trade?

A
  1. Reduces poverty
  2. Supports establishment of small, locally owned business largely owned by women.
59
Q

What are two disadvantages of world trade?

A
  1. Incorrect disposal of industrial waste can lead to environmental contamination
  2. Few occupational health and safety rules exist, which leads to women and children being forced to work in dangerous conditions for low pay.
60
Q

Why is tourism important?

A

Tourism plays a key role in developing jobs for local people as well as promoting local culture and products

61
Q

What are two benefits from tourism?

A
  1. Tourism preserves cultural values, diversity and heritage
  2. Tourism promotes mutual understanding, peace and security
  3. Tourism contributes to social inclusiveness and employment.
62
Q

What are two challenges from tourism?

A
  1. cause overcrowding
  2. It can also place stress on fragile local ecosystems
63
Q

What are two advantages of digital technologies?

A
  1. can be used for disaster preparedness, and SMS services can be used to issue warnings of an impending emergency
  2. Personal health records can be shared with other members of the healthcare team, used for ongoing disease monitoring and feedback and to share health information and treatment goals with the patient
64
Q

What is a disadvantage and advantage of telehealth?

A

Limits health examinations as they won’t be able to perform physically aspects such as blood pressure.

It provides people with access to health care advice and support without them needing to leave their home during a examination.

65
Q

what is globalisation?

A

Globalisation: the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing
individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale

66
Q

What are two advantages to globalisation?

A
  1. Opening industry to provide economic growth and income
  2. Improvements in farming techniques using
    technology
67
Q

What are two disadvantages of globalisations?

A
  1. Developing nations don’t have regulations t ensure safety and quality.
  2. Exploitation of workers due to poor working conditions/ dangerous environments
68
Q

What is sustainable tourism?

A

‘tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities’.

69
Q

What are six dot points of human development?

A
  1. Expanding people’s choices
  2. Enhancing people’s capabilities
  3. People having access to knowledge
  4. People having access to a decent standard of living
  5. People participating in the life of the community
  6. People participating in the decisions that affect their lives

health unit 4 (3 decks)

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