Asia Flashcards
Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC)
Singapore Thailand Turkije China India Maleisie HongKong Taiwan Vietnam Filipijnen Indonesie
Reasons for rising inequality
- new technology
- globalisation
- market oriented reform
Prognosis: Asia population and demographics
- overall population growth is slowing down
- 1980: 42% was living in East and North East Asia
2050 31% will be living in East and North East Asia
Disadvantages to the demographic transition model
- it cannot predict what will happen in the future e.g. natural disasters
- it doesn’t take migrants into account
- does not give a timeline for how long the ‘transition’ will take
- countries census data could be inaccurate
Epidemiological transition
refers to the shift in cause of death patterns that comes with the overall decline in death rate. Went from infectious diseases to chronic degenerative diseases (cholera to cancer)
Positive Demographic Dividend
more people between working ages (15-64) then people outside the working ages lines.
Factors contributing to ageing societies
- decline in fertility rate
- young people (esp. girls/women) spend more time acquiring education
- labout market participation among women
- better basic health care
- Increased longevity - (better healthcare)
Being old in Asia
- older people in East Asia and Pacific often work until very old age, esp. in rural areas
- women tend to be poorer than men
- co-residence of older people with adult childeren in East Asia and Pacific, although it varies across countries and has declined significantly over time in some countries
- widespread lack of pension provision: elderly poverty, also in high-income economies
Flying geese paradigm
the flying geese paradigm is the view of japanese scholars upon the technological development in South-East Asia viewing Japan as the leading power.
Policy environment for Factory Asia
- drastic cuts in the import tariffs caried out by many of the regions, either individually or multilaterally, have been another key factor in the emergende and succes of the Asian global value chains.
- in these extra territorial supply chains, the different inputs or intermediates incorporated into the final goods cross the borders of the countries involved in the process many times, so high import tarrifs woulf make the final manufactered good too expensive.
- free trade agreements made in 1992 by the countries that made up the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and later China (2005), Korea (2009), and India (2010)
ASEAS members
1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. Since then, has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Vietnam.
Bedrock of Factory Asia - Global production Network
integrate regional and national economies in ways that have enormous implications for their development outcomes - no longer only national advantages (but regional or network advantages)
Power of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
comes from:
- ability to coordinate and control the stages in a production chain, no matter if those stages are within a country or across many;
- ability to take advantage or differences in production factor costs (natural resources, labour etc.) across space as well as state incentives.
- ability to switch its resources and operations between locations at a global scale.
Export processing zones
An area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and re-located without the intervention of the costums authorities
Impact of world factory model
The World bank: they provide a country with foreign exchange earnings by promoting non-traditional exports, create jobs (esp. for women - hence gender empowerment) and generate income as well as helping technology transfer (ability to move up the value chain)
