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regions in development UU > Africa > Flashcards

Africa Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization

A

free transfer of capital, goods and services across national frontiers

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2
Q

Neo-Imperialist

A

Domination over others primarily by way of formally free legal agreements, economic power, and cultural influence

or

Mordern imperialistic practices in politics, such as using power and influence to control/dominate smaller nations

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3
Q

Commonwealth

A

Group of countries with the same political and economical aims.

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4
Q

Reasons for price fluctuations on primary goods (mainly food)

A
  • supply and demand
  • subsides or other interventions
  • naturals causes (disasters)
  • War, conflict, terrorisme
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5
Q

Threats to tourism

A
  • fierce global competition
  • political instability
  • terrorisme
  • natural disasters
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6
Q

Who get a share of the profit in development countries

A

Mainly: Multinationals, Foreign investors, wealthy locals, government officials

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7
Q

Resource curse in Africa - and why?

A

A paradoxical situation in which countries with an abundance of non-renewable natural resource experience stagnant economic growth or even economic contraction. Focus on this resource neglects investments in other major industries

  • lack of regulation, ‘weak’ state governance
  • petro-capitalism, non-governmental state (‘multinational companies’, ‘corporate sovereignty’)
  • Lack of investment in basic/ social infrastructures that sustain civic daily lives
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8
Q

The scramble/Partition/Conquest for/of Africa

A

The occupation, division and colonisation of African territories by European Countries, between 1881-1914. Straight lines were drawn during the 1884-1885 Berlin conference

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9
Q

Decolonization:

Libya
Sudan
Ghana
Sierra Leone
Algeria
Kenya
Malawi
Tanzania; Zambia; Rhodesia
Guinea Bissau
Mozambique, Angola
Zimbabwe
A

Year:

1951
1956
1957
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1974
1975
1980
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10
Q

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)

A
  • What: loans provided by the IMF and the World Bank
  • Goal: Stimulating long term growth and stabilize economies
  • How/Why: Free market policies through privatization and by attracting foreign investors through the reduction of trade barriers.
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11
Q

Demography definition

A

Field of science that investigates the characteristics and dynamics of a population.

  • size
  • structure
  • distribution
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12
Q

Influences on Demographic

A

!Affected by space and time!

natural: fertility and mortality
social: economic, cultural, ethnic, political, religious

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13
Q

Thomas Malthus (1766 - 1834)

A

predicted large scale famine. The world population would increase exponentially while the food production would only increase liniair.

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14
Q

Ester Boserup (1910 - 1999)

A

Population growth and increasing population density can in fact be key factors in generating innovations and intensification for traditional food production systems

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15
Q

African youth Bulge

A
  • large share of the African population are childeren and young adults.
  • 40% is under 15 years old and 70% is under 30 years old (World bank 2011)
  • dependency ratio is high in africa due to the high youth dependency.
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16
Q

informal sector/economy

A

The part of the economy that is neither taxedm nor monitored by any form of goverment. Economical activities in the informal market are not included in the GNP or GDP

17
Q

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

A

a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.

18
Q

Reasons for economic Decline

A
  • failure of ISI
  • lack of investments
  • little knowledge of technology
  • lack of growth in the agricultural sector
19
Q

Transborder Trade

A
  • own logics, dynamics and dimensions
  • continuously adapts to ‘survive’
  • highly influenced by dynamics of globalization
    - imposition of a global liberal policy agenda
    (framework of deregulations and privatization)
    - rapid technological change in transport and
    telecommunications
    - growth of global financial markets
20
Q

The tragedy of the commons

A

an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms others who can no longer enjoy the benefits.

21
Q

Land grab

A

the contentious issue of large-scale land acquisition. Local farmers lose land to multinationals and governments.

22
Q

Article 1: Africa and the World (Achille Mbembe 2011)

A

‘Today, for all that has changed, Africa continious to be described through a series of lacks and absences, failings and problems, plaques and catastrophes.’

The effect on African economies, according to the study, is a viscious circle of poor information, low expectation, and low investment’. Making it a self fullfilling prophecy.

23
Q

Achille Mbembe on SAPs

A

the structural adjustment era has seen the lowest rates of economic growth ever recorded in Africa (actually negative, in many cases), along with increasing inequality and marginalization.

24
Q

Ali Mazrui

A

Complained that, in adopting the Western profit motive but not the entrepreneurial spirit, Africans have borrowed ‘the shadow, not the substance’ of a Western capitalist economy.

25
Q

Reno (1999)

A

‘Shadow state’ as a way to describe the way that state officials in ‘weak states’ may gain power not through their control of a state bureaucracy, but through more or less concealed alliances with local power brokers or warlords, arms traders, and multinational firms.

26
Q

Carolyn Nordstrom (2001)

A

Proposed ‘ ethnography of the shadows’ that would explore the international networks that emerge in African war zones outside but alongside the forms of trade formally recognized by states.

27
Q

Mark Dufield (2001)

A

Finds a key to African civil conflict in what he calls ‘shadow networks’, while the private security forces that play a leading role in African conflicts go by such names as ‘shado armies’ and ‘shadow soldiers’.

28
Q

Article 2 - A backdoor to Globalisation

A

‘While transborder trading structures represent important institutional resources for economic development, they are structurally incapable of integrating West Africa into the global economy in the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework.

29
Q

Demographic dividend

A

Economic opportunities created due to changes in the age structure due to a decline in mortality, bad fertility and an increase of the share of working population

30
Q

Two types of demographic dividend

A

labour force dividend: share of working population increase with possibly (enough work needed) higher production and GDP per capita. (often temporarily)

saving dividend: Increased savings can mean more capital available for the economy and government for domestic or foreign investments. Can be permanent.

31
Q

Dependency rate

A

the amount of people depending (due to young or old age) on the amount of working people.

32
Q

categories in African countries

A
  • Resource rich
  • Resource scarce
  • Landlocked
  • Coastal
  • SANE (South Africa, Algeria, Nigeria, Egypt)

regions in development UU (3 decks)

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