Asia Flashcards
- A huge peninsula surrounded
by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains
in its northern boarders. - Developed various ideas and
technologies useful in their everyday lives. - Seventh largest country by
area - Indus Valley Civilization
India
Noted for their urban
planning, baked brick
houses, elaborated drainage systems, and clusters of large non-residential
buildings.
- A bronze age
civilization(3300-1300
BCE; Mature period
2600-1900 BCE)
- A bronze age
- Developed new techniques
in handy craft and
metallurgy.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
IRON AND IN METALLURGICAL
WORKS
BRASS
COPPER
GOLD AND SILVER
IRON
WOOTZ AND STEEL
ADVANCES IN MEDICINE
BOWER MANUSCRIPT
AYURVEDA
RHINOPLASTY
LITHOTOMY
The Great Trilogy of Ayurvedic Medicine
Sushruta Samhita
Charaka Samhita
Astanga Hridaya
Sushruta Samhita
- Ancient Sanskit text on medicine/surgery (plastic surgery and removal of cataracts)
Charaka Samhita
- Ancient theories on human bodies, etiology and treatments for wide range of diseases
Astanga Hridaya- “The Heart of eight Limbs”
- 7120 poetic verses (surgical instruments)
Three basic types of energy in Ayurvedic Philosophy
- Vata, Movement
- Pitta, Metabolic System
- Kapha, Structure
- Vata, Movement
- composed of space and air, governs breathing, blinking, muscle and tissue movement, pulsation of the heart, and all movements in the cytoplasm and cell membranes
- Pitta, Metabolic System-
- composed of fire and water.
- Governs digestion, nutrition, metabolism,
- and body temperature
- Kapha, Structure-
- composed of earth and water.
- Lubricates joints, moisturizes the skin, and maintains immunity
CONFIGURATION OF THE UNIVERSE
- In Hindu cosmology, the universe is cyclically
created and destroyed. - Its cosmology divides time into four epochs
namely:
1. Satya Yuga
2. Treta Yuga
3. Dvarpa Yuga
4. Kali Yuga
- Satya Yuga – (also known as Kitra Yuga “Golden Age”).
The first and the best Yuga.
The age of thruth and perfection. - Treta Yuga –the second Yuga in order, however treta means the “third”.
- virtue diminishes slightly
- Dwarpa Yuga – is considered to be the third Yuga in order. Dvapara means “two pair” or “after two”.
- In this age, people become tainted with tamasic qualities and aren’t as strong as their ancestors.
- Kali Yuga – the final age. It is the age of darkness and ignorance.
Ancient Indian philosophical text that
states that the Earth’s rotation may be the cause of the Sun
rising and setting.
- Aitareya Brahmana
- Believed in Spherical Earth
- The author of Aryabhatiya (a Sanskrit astronomical treatise)
- Aryabhatiya is divided into four padas or chapters
1. Gitikapada
2. Ganitapada
3. Kalakriya
4. Golapada
ARYABHATA
- Aryabhatiya is divided into four padas or chapters
- Gitikapada- the overiew of the astronomical findings
- Ganitapada-Mathematics
- Kalakriya- “the reckoning of time”
- In it, Aryabhata divides up days, months and years according to the movement of celestial bodies.
- Golapada-The sphere
- Celestial relationship of earth and cosmos
- Rotation of earth on its axis
- Armillary sphere
The Ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit
hymns
RIGVEDA
- Rig, praise and veda, knowledge
- Rigveda, (Sanskrit: “The Knowledge of Verses”) also spelled Rigveda, the oldest of
the sacred books of Hinduism - 10 books with 1, 028 hymns in about 10, 600 verses. The hymns discuss cosmology and praise deities.
- Described a solar and luni-solar calendrical scheme.
- According to the Puranic tradition, Ved Vyasa compiled all the four Vedas, along with the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
MATHEMATICS (INDIA)
MOHENJO-DAJO
RULER
ARYABHATIYA
HINDU ARABIC
NUMERAL SYSTEM
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM
BRAHMASPHUTASIDDANTA
- Indian mathematician
MADHAVA OF
SANGAMAGRAMA
- pioneered the series approximations in trigonometric functions.
- His contributions in algebra such as polynomial expansion
methods and infinite fractions.
FOUR GREAT INVENTIONS OF
CHINA
PAPER
* Inventor: Cai Lun
* a court
eunuch invented the pulp papermaking
process
PRINTING
* Inventor: Bi Sheng
* Overview: The earlier form of printing, woodblock, was
considered time-consuming and
expensive. Bi Sheng’s method of
gluing carved characters into an
iron plate was thought to be more efficient, rapidly spreading across Europe, leading to the Renaissance, and later all around the world.
GUNPOWDER
* Alchemists; Zeng Gongjiang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide (credited for as writers of the earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder)
- Overview: Created by Taoist alchemist in a trial to find a potion to gain human
immortality. Chinese used this for firecrackers while Europeans created cannons and guns, dominating China in the mid-1800s.
COMPASS
* The Chinese by the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) began using north-south
oriented lodestone ladle-and-bowl-shaped compasses for divination and Geo-mancy and not yet for navigation.
* Song dynasty writer Zhu Yu (fl. 12th century) was the first to mention use of the compass specifically for navigation at
sea in his book published in 1119.
FARMING AND AGRICULTURE ( CHINA)
- DEEPWATER DRILLING
- use of deep drilled
groundwater for drinking. - ## RICE CULTIVATION
- WET FIELD CULTIVATION
- Wet field cultivation, or the paddy field, was developed in China. - WEEDING RAKES
- * The invention of the Chinese weed rake is derived from the invention of the Chinese harrow. - ## WHEELBARROW
- ## IRON PLOW
MEDICINE (CHINA)
ACUPUNCTURE
* The Traditional Chinese medicine practice of inserting needles into specific points of the body for therapeutic purposes and relieving pain
MOXIBUSTION
- involves the
burning of mugwort- a small, spongy herb, used to facilitate
healing
TUI NA MASSAGE
* The term tui na, which literally means “pinch and pull”, refers
to a wide range of TCM
therapeutic massage and body
work.
- It stimulates the flow of qi to
promote balance and harmony
within the body using many of
the same principles of
acupuncture.
CHINESE HERBS
- Chinese herbal
therapy are to help regain balance in the body and to strengthen the body’s resistance to disease
ARCHITECTURE
(CHINA)
- DRY DOCKS
- OPEN-SPANDREL SEGMENTAL
ARCH BRIDGE - PONTOON BRIDGE
- SUSPENSION BRIDGES USING IRON CHAINS GREAT WALL
SCIENCE
(CHINA)
SEISMOMETER
- Zhang Heng
- It’s function is to determine the the direction of an earthquake
- It was the first time that mankind to detect an earthquake.
ASTRONOMY
(CHINA)
STAR MAPS
* The map was drawn on paper and represents the complete sky, with more than 1,350 stars.
ECLIPSES
* Shi Shen was aware of
the relation of the moon in a solar eclipse, he provided to predict them by using the relative positions of the moon and the sun.
- The radiating-influence theory
- moon’s light was nothing but a reflection of the sun’s, was supported by the mathematician and music theorist Jing Fang (78–37 BC
COSMOLOGY
The Chinese developed three cosmological
models:
- The Gai Tian, or hemispherical dome, model conceived the heavens as a hemisphere lying
over a dome-shaped earth. - The second cosmological model, associated
with the Hun Tian School, saw the heavens as a celestial sphere - The third cosmology, associated with the
Xuan Ye School, viewed the heavens as
infinite in extent and the celestial bodies
LITERATURE AND
PHILOSOPHY
FOUR BOOKS AND FIVE
CLASSICS
Four books are Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in
Confucianism.
- Great Learning
- Doctrine of the Mean
- Analects
- Mencius
The Five classics include
- Classic of Poetry
- Book of documents
- Books of Rites
- Book of changes
- Spring and Autumn annals
these swords are characterized by distinctive
pattern of banding and
mottling reminiscent of flowing
water.
Damascus steel
model conceived the heavens as a hemisphere lying
over a dome-shaped earth.
The Gai Tian, or hemispherical dome
- The second cosmological
model, associated
with the Hun Tian School, saw the heavens as a _____
celestial sphere
- The third cosmology, associated with the
Xuan Ye School, viewed the heavens as ______
infinite in extent and the celestial bodies
BRASS AND COPPER
BRASS
- metallic alloy ( copper and zinc)
COPPER
- Buddhas or Hindu/Mahayana Buddhist deities. Copper does not rust or decay, they can survive indefinitely.
* Copper plate grants
* Sohgaura copper-plate
GOLD, SILVER AND IRON
GOLD AND SILVER
* Used for making utensils for
the royal family and nobilities.
* Royal family
IRON
* Army used “arrows
tipped with iron”
* Indian arrow, iron heads
and bamboo shafts.
WOOTZ AND
STEEL
- * Crucible steel was wootz.
- From the TAMIL
word “urukku”
* Indian Wootz Steel was the first high-quality steel that was
produced.
- Damascus steel – these swords are characterized by distinctive pattern of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing
water.
- An early bearch bark document, dated to Gupta era
BOWER MANUSCRIPT
traditions are a type of
complementary or alternative
medicine.
Ayurveda
_________ kidney stone
extraction, suturs, and
extraction of foreign objects.
Rhinoplasty
- Is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs,
such as the kidneys, bladder and gallbladder that cannot
exit naturally through the urinary system or library
tract.
LITHOTOMY
- Rulers made out of ivory
- Divided into units
corresponding to 1.32 inches
MOHENJO-DAJO
RULER
- Mathematical and
astronomical treatise
authored by Aryabhata. - It introduced several
trigonometric functions,
tables, techniques and
algorithms of algebra
ARYABHATIYA
- Most common system for the
symbolic representation of numbers in the world. - The symbols are arranged in
3 main groups:
(1) Western
numerals,
(2) Eastern Arabic numerals, and (3) Indian numerals.
HINDU ARABIC
NUMERAL SYSTEM
- mathematician Pingala named Chhandahshastra means “science of matters.”
- Pingala’s binary number system starts with number one (not zero) and the place value increases to the right.
- how to find the binary equivalent of a
decimal number.
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM
Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta where he established the basic
mathematical rules for dealing with zero.
Brahmasputasiddanta
Brah-mas-puta-siddanta
- Indian mathematician who pioneered in formulating infinite series approximations in trigonometric functions.
- His contributions in algebra such as polynomial expansion
methods and infinite fractions.
MADHAVA OF
SANGAMAGRAMA
