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FoN 2 > Asepsis/Infection > Flashcards

Asepsis/Infection Flashcards

0
Q

Minute (tiny) organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye

A

Microorganisms

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1
Q

Absence of pathogenic microorganism

A

Asepsis

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2
Q

Capable of producing a disease

A

Pathogenic

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3
Q

Not capable of producing a disease

A

Non pathogenic

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4
Q

Causes disease only in a susceptible host

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

Invasion of body tissue by Microorganisms

A

Infection

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6
Q

Presence and growth of Microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage (ex. Some types of MRSA)

A

Colonization

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7
Q

Experiences localized symptoms (pain, tenderness, and redness) at wound site

A

Local infection

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8
Q

Affects whole body (can be fatal if untreated)

A

Systemic infection

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9
Q

Short and quickly forming infection

A

Acute infection

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10
Q

Slow forming and long presence of infection

A

Chronic infection

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11
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

A

Granulocytes

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12
Q

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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13
Q

Segs/Polys
First phagocytes on the scene
Immature
Can be called band/stabs because they are unsegmented nuceli

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Weak but good at detoxifying allergens

Defend against parasites/help restrain hypersensitivity reactions

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

Play a role in hypersensitivity reactions by secreting histamine, serotonin, and heparin
Decreases with allergic reactions

A

Basophils

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16
Q

Monocytes, lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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17
Q 
Monos
Largest WBC
Phagocytes
Act more slowly than segs (neutrophils), but have a longer life, so they can consume more bacteria 
Seen with chronic infection
A

Monocytes

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18
Q

Lymphs
Originate in bone marrow and mature primarily on lymph nodes
Responsible for producing antibodies
Includes T & B cells

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

result from the delivery of health services in a health care faciilty

A

HAI -healthcare associated infection (nosocomial infection)

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20
Q

infection in which part of a persons normal flora becomes altered and overgrowth results

A

endogenous infection

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21
Q

infection that comes from microorganisms from outside of a persons body environment

A

exogenous infection

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22
Q

type of HAI from a diagnostice or therpeutic procedure

A

Iatrogenic infection

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23
Q

infectiosn that develop when broad spectrum antibiotics are used for a long period of time
-it kills the good bacteria

A

superinfection

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24
Q

general practices to reduce the number aand transfer of microorganisms to others and other things (clean technique)

A

medical asepsis

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25
Q

refers to practices which keep objects free from alll microorganisms (sterile technique)

A

surgical asepsis

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26
Q
  1. infectious agent 2. reservoir 3. portal exits 4. mode of transmission 5. portals of entry 6. susceptible host
A

chain of infection

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27
Q

permanent resident pathogens on the skin (normal flora)

A

resident pathogen

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28
Q

attach to skin during contact with another erson or object

A

transient pathogens

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29
Q
  1. # of microorganisms 2. pathogenicity (ability to produce disease 3. ability to enter/survive host 4. susceptibility of the host
A

potential for microorganisms to cause disease depends on these

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30
Q

the source for pathogenic growth

A

reservoir

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31
Q

the _____ ____ is the most common reservoir

A

human body

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32
Q

persons/ animals who have no symptoms but have pathogens

A

carriers

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33
Q

food, water, inanimate objects, insects

A

things that can be carriers

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34
Q

food, oxygen, moisture/water, right temperature, right pH, darkness

A

things that microorganisms need to survive

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35
Q

a mean of escape from the reservoir

A

portal of exit

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36
Q

route or means of contact (how it gets transmitted)

A

mode of transmission

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37
Q

infected person to noninfected person

A

direct transmission

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38
Q

personal contact of host with contaiminated inanimate object or animals

A

indirect transmission

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39
Q

fomites - instruments, utensils, needles, caths, drsg’s

A

vehicle borne

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40
Q

animals/ insects

A

vector borne

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41
Q

dust, droplets (tb)

A

airborne

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42
Q

skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, GI, reproductive tract, blood

A

portals of entry and exit

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43
Q

Intact skin and mucous membranes are the ____ _____ against disease

A

first barriers

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44
Q

degree of resistance the potential host has against microorganisms

A

susceptibility

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45
Q

heredity, age, nutritional status, stress, disease process, medical Tx,

A

things that susceptibility depends on

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46
Q

wounds, burns, travel, smoking, trauma, occupations, multiple sex partners

A

things that put you at risk

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47
Q

methicillin resistant staphyloccoccus aureus

A

mrsa

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48
Q

vancomycin resistant enterococci

A

VRE

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49
Q

gram positive organism that is usually sensitive to penicillin/ found mostly in dorms, prisons

A

MRSA

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50
Q

gram negative enterococci

A

VRE

51
Q

spore forming anaerobic bacteria , usually acquired after long term antibiotic use

A

C diff

52
Q

contolling/eliminating infectious agents, reduce reservoirs of infection, block the portal exits, control of transmission, control portals of entry, protect the susceptible host

A

steps in breaking the chain of infection

53
Q

heat or cold, UV lights, gas, radiation

A

physical methods to eliminating infectious agents

54
Q

sloutions used in various strengths to prevent growth and multiplication of microorganisms or kill them

A

chemical methods to eliminating infectious agents

55
Q

prevents growth or reproduction of microorganisms

A

bacteriostatic

56
Q

destroys microorganisms

A

bactericidal

57
Q

substance used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

58
Q

inhibits growth of bacteria / safely used on humans

A

antiseptics

59
Q

destroys all microorganisms including spores and most viruses

A

sterilization

60
Q

substance used on objects and people

A

germicide

61
Q

limit contact with people who are infected or who have been exposed to infection

A

reduce reservoirs of infection

62
Q

handwashing , treat all body substances as potentially infectious

A

block the portal of exits

63
Q

handwashing, maintain good clean/sterile/isolation techniques, handle food, linen, dressings properly

A

control of transmission

64
Q

handwashing, maintain aseptic technique, good wound care, good cath care

A

control portals of entry

65
Q

handwashing, recognize high risk pts, hygiene, rest and sleep

A

protect the susceptible host

66
Q

external nonspecific defense mechanisms, internal nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific defense mechanisms

A

defense mechanisms to fight infection

67
Q

same responses with any type of injury

A

nonspecific body responses

68
Q

anatomic structures are the _____ line of ______

A

first ; defense

69
Q

skins acetic acid and salt concentrations, pH, secretions

A

biochemical responses

70
Q

anatomic structures, biochemical factors, normal flora

A

external nonspecific defense mechanisms

71
Q

vascular and cellular response, infalmmatory exudate production, tissue reparative phase

A

inflammatory response

72
Q

delivers food, blood products, and nutrients to a local area of injury to protect against invasion and prepare the site for repair

A

purpose of inflammation

73
Q

redness (rubor) heat (calor) swelling (tumor) and pain (dolor)

A

cardinal signs of inflammation

74
Q

redness is caused by __________

A

vasodialtion

75
Q

heat caused by vasodialtion from blood vessels close to the ________ of the skin

A

surface

76
Q

swelling caused by _____ _________

A

fluid exudation (oozing)

77
Q

pain caused by injured tissue releasing the chemical ______ which _____ _____ ________

A

bradykinin ; irritates nerve endings

78
Q

body often tries to wall off the bacteria

A

loss of function

79
Q

rest , ice, compress, elevate

A

RICE

80
Q

tenderness, pain, swelling, drainage all occur in a ______ infection

A

local

81
Q

fever, increased pulse rate, increased resp rate, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, anorexia all occur in a ___________ infection

A

systemic

82
Q

confusion, incontinence, aggitation, low grade fever

A

atypical (abnormal) signs of infection in an older adult

83
Q

these are needed when nonspecific responses are ineffective

A

specific defense mechanisms

84
Q
  • originally from the bone marrow
  • protects against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, and provides resistance against tumor cells
  • 70% of lymphocytes become t cells in the thymus
  • travel to site of infection and release lymphokines which attracts macrophages to kill the antigens(bad stuff)
  • occurs 2-6 days after antigen is introduced to the body
A

cellular mediated system

85
Q
  • other 30% of lymphocytes become b cells
  • produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that can destroy antigens
  • takes about 5-7 days for them to become active
A

antibody mediated system

86
Q

primary immune response ; formed during early response to antigen ; if in blood signifies and new active, or acute infection ; activates the complement cascade

A

IgM

87
Q

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD

A

types of immunoglobulins

88
Q

series of events that destroys antigens cell membrane

A

complement cascade

89
Q

any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

A

antigen

90
Q
  • secondary response
  • only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta barrier and gives infants passive immunity before birth
  • protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins
  • presence in the blood means there has been a past exposure to the organism and has probable immunity against the disease
A

IgG

91
Q

-present in the blood in allergic or hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

92
Q
  • first line of defense against infections of the GI, respiratory, or urinary tracts
  • prevents organisms from invading
  • present in body secretions
A

IgA

93
Q

regulates lymphocytes activation and suppression

A

IgD

94
Q

healthy inflammatory response ; means we can recognize our own cells vs invading cells

A

immunocompetence

95
Q

abnormal immune system

A

immunosuppressed

96
Q

due to an antigen, antibodies are produced by the body in response to the infection

A

Active Immunity

97
Q

natural contact with the antigen ; antibodies are formed in the presence of an active infection

A

Active Natural Immunity

98
Q

immunization with an antigen which is often altered in the process

A

active artificial/acquired immunity

99
Q

antibodies are given for a certain disease ; produced by another source- animal or human

A

passive immunity

100
Q

antibodies are transferred naturally from an immune mother to her baby thru placenta, colostrums, or breast milk

A

passive natural immunity

101
Q

immune serum from an immune human or animal are injected

A

passive artificial/acquired immunity

102
Q

has no manifestations of the disease

A

asymptomatic

103
Q

has symptoms and is in the course of infection

A

symptomatic

104
Q
  1. determine the competence of the individuals immune system 2. #/type of tubes and invasive medical devices 3. duration of contact between host/microorganism 4. virulence of microorganism
A

assessing the risk factors the pt has

105
Q

age, heredity, stressors, diseases, impaired skin integrity, altered body flora

A

determining the competence of the persons immune system

106
Q

IVs, NGs, caths, drains

A

/types of drains and tubes

107
Q

longer they are in the hospital the greater the exposure

A

duration of contact between host/microorganism

108
Q

incubation , prodromal , illness, convalescence

A

stages of illness

109
Q

interval between entrance of an antigen in the body and the appearance of symptoms

A

incubation stage

110
Q

person is having nonspecific symptoms, most contagious stage, “just not feeling well”

A

prodromal stage

111
Q

exhibiting obvious symptoms, depending on the site of infection, and the type of incetion

A

illness stage

112
Q

the recovery period, sings and Sx dissapear

A

convalescence stage

113
Q

5,000 - 10,000

A

normal WBC

114
Q

indication for bacterial infections ; elevated WBC count

A

leukocytosis

115
Q

indication for a viral infection ; decreased WBC count

A

leukopenia

116
Q

assess for fatigue, fever, dehydration, tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, sore throat, pain etc

A

assess for fatigue, fever, dehydration, tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, sore throat, pain etc

117
Q

chemo, steroids, trauma

A

can affect peoples immunity

118
Q

increase in amount of immature WBCs specifically the bands

A

shift to the left

119
Q

WBC count, cultures and sensitivity, xray of infected area, ESR, CRP

A

checking the pts diagnostic data

120
Q

tells you what bacteria were found

A

culture

121
Q

what antibiotic will be most effective

A

sensitivity

122
Q

gives you clues as changes in tissue pathology from teh bacteria

A

Xray

123
Q

shows that some type of inflammation if going on

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

124
Q

vague test ; increases before ESR (6-10 hrs after infection)

A

C-reactive protein

FoN 2 (4 decks)

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