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MCM > asd > Flashcards

asd Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism (break down) occurs via

A

oxidation

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2
Q

Anabolism (build up) occurs via

A

reduction

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3
Q

Oxidation

A

Gain oxygen

Lose H and electrons

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4
Q

Reduction

A

lose oxygen

Gain H and electrons

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5
Q

What are the standard conditions of delta G

A

pH=7
1 mole concentration of products and reactants
298 K

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6
Q

When K>1, the reaction is proceeding to the _____

A

right

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7
Q

ATP–> ADP + Pi produces how much NRG

A

-7.3 kcal/mol

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8
Q

ATP–> AMP+ PPi produces how much NRG

A

-10.9

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9
Q

PPi –> Pi and P produces how mich NRG

A

-4

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10
Q

What molecule carries the same amount of NRG as when ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP+ Pi?

A

-7.3 kcal/mol.

Thioester. -7.3 kcal of NRG is stored in-between the [thiol group of co-A] and carboxyllic acid.

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11
Q

How can we alter Keq?

A

Principle of mass reaction and coupling

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12
Q

According to Le Chateliers principle, altering the amount of products and reactants will affect what?

A

Kinetcs

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13
Q

The first 3 steps of glycolysis are ______ & __________

A

coupled

irreversible

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14
Q

Addition/elimination rxn

A

Atoms are added or removed to multiple bonds

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15
Q

Substitution

A

1 FG is replaced with another

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16
Q

Rearrangement rxn

A

FG are rearranged

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17
Q

Oxidation and reduction

A

electrons are transferred from 1 molecule to another

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18
Q

What helps to maintain our pH?

A

acetic acid

bicarb

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19
Q

pka

A

strength of a acid

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20
Q

When is the buffering capacity of acid and bases perfect?

A

When pH=pKA.

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21
Q

How do kidneys regulate our blood pH?

A

Excrete H+ ions and reabsorb HCO3-.

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22
Q

What determines acid/base balance?

A

H+ (CO2) and HCO3-

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23
Q

increase blood pH. What will happen?

A

decrease excretion of H and bicarb

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24
Q

In respiratory acidosis, the eqn shifts to

A

LEFT

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25
Q

Metabolic acidosis occurs when

A
  1. add a strong acid (lactate and ketone bodies).

2. Lose HCO3-

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26
Q

How can we lose HCO3- to cause metabolic acidosis?

A

Diarrhea and weakened kidney function

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27
Q

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when

A
  1. take a strong base (antiacid)

2. Lose acid via vomiting

28
Q

When we vomit, what happens to our pH?

A

pH will increase because we are throwing up an acid.

Metabolic alkalosis

29
Q

Reducing agent

A

a substance that is responsible for the reduction that occurs by being oxidized

30
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Brings about an oxidation by being reduced.

31
Q

Are co-factors and co-enzymes proteins?

A

No. They are not proteins.

32
Q

Are co-factors and co-enzymes organic/inorganic?

A

Co-enzymes- organic and vitamins

Co-factors- inorganic

33
Q

Co-factors

A

Metal ions or trace elements that interact with the enzyme using NON-COVALENT interactions

34
Q

Co-factors interact with enzymes via ________ interactions

A

NON-COVALENT

35
Q

Give examples of co-factors

A 
Mg2+
Se 
Cu
Zn
Fe
36
Q

Mg2+ is a cofactor for which enzyme

A

ATPase

37
Q

Se is a cofactor for which enzyme

A

glutathione peroxidose

38
Q

Cu is a cofactor for which enzyme

A

cytochrome c oxidase

39
Q

Zn is a cofactor for

A

superoxidase mutase.

40
Q

Fe is a cofactor for

A

heme

41
Q

2 types of co-enzymes

A
  1. Co-substrate- temporarily bind and leaves changed

2. Prosthetic group- permanently binds and does not leave changed

42
Q

Ex. of co-substrate

A

Co-substrates bind and leave changed.

NAD+–> NADH

43
Q

Holoenzyme

A

protein and non-protein component

44
Q

Enzymes are regulated by what?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. covalent modifications (phosphorylation)
45
Q

The reaction rate _____ for ever 10 degrees celcius

A

doubles

46
Q

Enzymes are normally found at what pH

A

4-8

Except gastric enzymes. They are usually found at pH 2.5

47
Q

How does our stomach have a low pH?

A

The low pH in our stomach is maintained by H+/K+ ATPases.

H+ is pumped into the lumen of our stomach and combined with Cl-. This makes the stomach more acidic,

48
Q

What do we do when we have heartburn, ulcers or indigestion?

A

We want to make the stomach less acidic. To do this, we want to inhibit gastric pumps (H+/K+ pumps).

49
Q

Gastric pump inhibitors

A

-prazole

  1. omeprazole
  2. lansoprazole
  3. esomeprazole
50
Q

bad thing about inhibiting gastric pumps?

A

can cause hyprochloridia.

51
Q

Kinetics depend on what 3 things:

A
  1. Substrate concentration
  2. Enzyme-substrate affinity
  3. Vmax.
52
Q

MM plot is a _____ curve and approaches Vmax _______

A
  1. hyperbolic

2. asymptotically- because at a certain point, all of our enzymes are saturated and we cannot go faster.

53
Q

MM plot axes

A

Y axis- V0

X axis- substrate concentration.

54
Q

LB plot

A

LB plot is the inverse of MM

Y axis- 1/V0
X axis- 1/[S]

Y indicator= 1/V0
X indicator= -1/Km
Slope= Km/Vmax

55
Q

Metaloenzymes

A

Enzymes that require metal cofactors

56
Q

If metal ions are chelated, then what happens?

A

The enzymes will not work.

57
Q

Example of a metaloenzyme?

A

Hexokinase.

needs Mg2+.

58
Q

Example of a metaloenzyme?

A

Hexokinase.

needs Mg2+.

59
Q

What happens in lead poisoning?

A

In lead poisoning, Pb (a metal), will disturb 2 enzymes that are important for the production of Heme.

To treat, we will give the patient (Ca-EDTA and dimercaprol). Pb has a higher affinity for EDTA than Ca and it will diplace.

60
Q

Irreversible inhibitors

A

[II] will bind to the enzyme PERMENTALY at the active site.

The kinetics are the same as non-competitive.
Vmax- decrease
Km-does not

61
Q

How can we overcome irreversible inhibitors?

A

Make new enzymes.

62
Q

Allosteric enzymes display _______

A

cooperativity.

63
Q

How do metabolites bind to allosteric enzymes?

A

Metabolites will bind NON-COVALENTLY to the allosteric enzyme at sites other than the active site.

64
Q

Metabolites (effectors) of allosteric enzymes can be what?

A
  1. Activators

2. Inhibitors

65
Q

What will activators do to the allosteric enzyme?

A

Increase affinity and decrease Km

66
Q

What will inhibitors do to the allosteric enzyme?

A

decrease affinity and increase Km

67
Q

Zymogens are also called

A

proenzymes

MCM (12 decks)

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