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Neuroscience Module 2 > Ascending Pathways (handout based) > Flashcards

Ascending Pathways (handout based) Flashcards

0
Q

Type of exteroreceptor that transmit tactile, pressure, pain and temperature. Require direct contact of the stimulus with the body

A

Contact receptors

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1
Q

Type of exteroreceptors that respond to distant stimuli

ex.light and sound

A

Teloreceptors

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2
Q

respond to pain, temperature, touch, vibration and pressure

A

Exteroreceptors

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3
Q

Are specialized to detect sensory information from the external environment

A

Exteroreceptors

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4
Q

detect sensory information concerning the status of the body’s internal environment, such as stretch, blood pressure, pH, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, and osmolarity

A

Enteroreceptors

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5
Q

transmit sensory information from muscles, tendons, and joints about the position of a body part

A

Proprioceptors

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6
Q

There is a static position sense relating to a stationary position and a kinesthetic sense, relating to the movement of a body part

A

Proprioceptors

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7
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors that are sensitive to noxious or painful stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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8
Q

Located at the peripheral termination of lightly myelinated free nerve endings of Aδor unmyelinated type C fibers

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to intense mechanical stimulation (ex.Pinching)

A

Mechanosensitivenociceptors

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10
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to intense heat or cold

A

Temperature Sensitive nociceptors

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11
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to noxious stimuli that are mechanical thermal or chemical in nature

A

Polymodal nociceptors

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12
Q

Receptors that are sensitive to warmth or cold; Slowly adapting receptors

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that consist of free nerve endings of lightly myelinated Aδfibers

A

Cold receptors

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14
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that consist of the free nerve endings of unmyelinated C fibers that respond to increases in temperature

A

Warmth receptors

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15
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that are sensitive to excessive heat or cold

A

Temperature-sensitive nociceptors

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16
Q

Comprise both exteroceptorsand proprioceptors; Activated following physical deformation due to touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration of the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules, in which they reside

A

Mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

may be classified as nonencapsulated or encapsulated depending on whether a structural device encloses its peripheral nerve ending component

A

Mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

General Sensation Receptors: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception

A
  • Touch- Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disc, Hair follicle endings, Golgi Mazzoni
  • Pressure- Pacinian corpuscles
  • Pain - Free nerve endings

*Temperature:
Cold -Krause end bulb
Hot –Ruffini’s corpuscles

*Proprioception–Tendon and Muscle spindles

19
Q

Area of the skin supplied by the somatosensory fibers from a single spinal nerve ; useful in localizing the levels of lesions

A

Dermatomes

20
Q

Parts of dermatomes

A 
C2 –back of head
C3 –neck
C6 –thumb
C7 –middle finger
C8 –small finger
T4 –nipple
T10 –umbilicus
L1 –inguinal
L4 –L5 –big toe
S1 –small toe
S5 –perineum
21
Q

3 Columns in the White Matter

A

Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior funiculus

22
Q

Each column in the white matter is subdivided into tracts

A

Ascending tract
Descending tract
Intersegmental tracts

23
Q

Parts of the Gray Matter

A

Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn

24
Q

A system of ten layers of grey matter(I-X), identified in the early 1950’s by Bror Rexed to label portions of the spinal cord

A

Laminae of Rexed

25
Q

Similar to Brodmann areas; defined by their cellular structure rather than by their location, but the location still remains reasonably consistent

A

Laminae of Rexed

26
Q

Laminae of Rexed: lamina and its location

A
  • Lamina I-VI - located in the posterior horn
  • Lamina VII- located in the lateral horn
  • Lamina VIII & IX- located in the anterior horn
  • Lamina X- gray substance surrounding the central canal
27
Q

Laminae of Rexed: lamina and cellular structure

A
  • Lamina II –Substantia Gelatinosa
  • Lamina III & IV –Nucleus Propius
  • Lamina VII–Intermediolateral nucleus; Nucleus dorsalis of Clark
  • Lamina VIII & IX –Motor nucleus
28
Q

Ascending Sensory Pathways: its anatomical tracts and functions

A
  • Anterolateral (ALS): Spinothalamic, Spinoreticular, Spinomesencephalic, Spinotectal, Spinohypothalamic
    • Pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure, some proprioception
  • Dorsalcolumn-Medial Lemniscus (DCML): fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus
    • Discriminative (Fine) touch, vibratory sense, position sense
  • Somatosensory to the Cerebellum: anterior spinocerebellar, posterior spinocerebellar, rostral spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar
    • Primarily proprioceptive information (some pain and temperatrue)
29
Q

Pain and Temperature Pathway (using LSTT)

A

Free nerve endings (from A delta or C fiber) ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Postero-lateral funiculus ➡️ Posterior horn ➡️ Synapse with 2ndorder neuron at the Substantia Gelatinosa (Lamina II) ➡️ Cross to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within 1 spinal segment ➡️ Lateral spinothalamic tract ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)

30
Q

Light Touch and Pressure pathway (using ASTT)

A

Receptor ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Postero-lateral funiculus ➡️ Posterior horn ➡️ Synapse with 2ndorder neuron at the Substantia Gelatinosa (Lamina II) ➡️ Cross to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within 2-3 spinal segment➡️ Anterior spinothalamic tract ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)

31
Q

Dorsal Column -Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A

Axons enter the SC and pass directly to ipsilateralposterior column ( caudal fibers below T6 enter Fasciculus gracilis and rostral fibers above T6 enter Fasciculus cuneatus to ascend) ➡️ Terminate in Nucleus gracilis and Nucleus cuneatus ➡️ Axons of secondary nuclei cross the midline as Internal arcuate fibers and form the Medial Lemniscus ➡️ Terminates in the VPLN of thalamus

32
Q

Discriminative Touch and Pressure pathway

A

Receptors ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Cuneate fasciculus and Gracile fasciculus ➡️ Cuneate and Gracile nuclei (2ndorder neuron) of medulla oblongata ➡️ Medial lemniscus ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)

33
Q

Conscious Proprioception Pathway

A

Receptors ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion ➡️ Posterior column ➡️ Cuneate and gracile fascicles ➡️ Cuneate and gracile nuclei ➡️ Medial lemniscus ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ BA 3, 1, 2

34
Q

Unconscious Proprioception Pathway (Posterior spino-cerebellar tract)

A

Receptor ➡️ DRG (1storder neuron) ➡️ Posterior grey column ➡️ Synapse with 2nd order neurons -Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (Lamina VII) ➡️ IpsilateralPosterolateral part of the lateral column as the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract ➡️ Medulla oblongata ➡️ Inferior cerebellar peduncle ➡️ Cerebellum

35
Q

Unconscious Proprioception Pathway (Cuneocerebellar tract)

A

Receptors at upper limb ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1st order neuron) ➡️ Cuneate fasciculus ➡️ Cuneate nuclei (2ndorder neuron) of medulla oblongata ➡️ Ipsilateral Inferior cerebellar peduncle (fibers are known as posterior external arcuate fibers) ➡️ Cerebellum

37
Q

Spinal Cord Hemisection;
Contralateral loss of pain & temperature; Ipsilateral loss of proprioception;Ipsilateral manifestations of upper and lower motor neuron lesions

A

Brown-Sequard’s syndrome

38
Q

Injury to the Lemniscal Pathway can cause:

A

Inability to recognize limb position; Astereognosis; Loss of two point discrimination; Loss of vibration sense; (+) Romberg sign

39
Q

(1) Spinal Cord lesions can cause:

A

Syringomyelia (progressive cavitation around the central canal; loss of pain & temperature sensations in hands & forearm)

40
Q

(2) Spinal Cord lesions can cause:

A

Tabes Dorsalis (caused by neurosyphilis; dorsal root involvement with secondary degeneration of dorsal columns ( loss of vibration and position sense))

41
Q

loss of sensitivity to pain in all / part of the body

A

Anesthesia

42
Q

an abnormally reduced sensitivity to touch

A

Hypoesthesia

43
Q

an abnormally heightened sensitivity of part of the body

A

Hyperesthesia

44
Q

an abnormal or unexplained tingling, pricking or burning sensation on the skin

A

Paresthesia

47
Q

Lesion in spinocerebellar tract can lead to:

A

Ataxia (loss of muscle coordination due to a loss of proprioceptive input to the cerebellum)

Neuroscience Module 2 (3 decks)

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