ASB

Question 1

Delinquency and lack of sleep

Answer 1

1. Positively correlated
2. Risk factors:
   - Community, school, family and personal characteristics
3. Increased irritability
4. Could also just reflect a lack of self-control

Question 2

What are risk factors for ASB?

Answer 2

1. Childhood maltreatment
2. MAOA gene
3. Pre-frontal dysfunction
4. Reduced heart rate
5. Low intelligence
6. Poor executive functioning
7. Low vagal tone
8. Poor skin conductance
9. Low cortisol level
10. Very low omega-3 fatty acids
11. High copper/zinc levels
12. High lead levels
13. Low magnesium, vitamin B6 and D3

Question 3

Reduced heart rate and ASB

Answer 3

1. Biological factors:
   - Reduced functioning of right hemisphere impairs autonomic functions
   - Reduced functioning of right hemisphere impairs withdrawal functions
2. Hypotheses:
   - Fearlessness  Reduced sensitivity to negative consequences
   - Sensation-seeking

Question 4

What are protective factors to ASB?

Answer 4

1. High resting heart rate (not super super clear)
2. Above average IQ
3. High vagal tone
4. Better skin conductance  Only for adults
5. Enhanced attentional processing
6. High executive functioning

Question 5

Neurobiological model of ASB

Answer 5

1. Requires genetic susceptibility + Early social adversity
2. Early social adversity may lead to disinhibited cognitive and emotional functioning
3. Early social adversity combined with genetic susceptibility can lead to neurobiological deficits
4. These neurobiological defictis can in turn increase disinhibited cognitive and emtional functioning
5. These in turn increase neurobiological deficits and social adversity
6. Disinhibited cognitive and emtotional functioning may eventually lead to ASB

Question 6

Biological mechanisms of ASB

Answer 6

Stress-response systems:

1. Neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the psychophysiological autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2. Cortisol represents the functioning of the HPA axis activation
3. Heart rate and skin conductance represent the functioning of the ANS
4. Underactivity or attenuated activity of the stress-response systems may predispose individuals to seek stimulation and thereby take risks
5. This in turns leads to deficits in learning and socialisation which translates into ASB