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ASAP > ASAP V2 > Flashcards

ASAP V2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Innermost layer of blood vessels, composed of endothelial cells, providing a smooth surface for blood flow.

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2
Q

Tunica External

A

Outermost layer of blood vessels, composed of connective tissue, providing support and protection to the vessel.

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer of blood vessels, primarily consisting of smooth muscle cells, responsible for vessel tone and diameter regulation.

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4
Q

Elastic vs Musuclar arteries

A

Elastic closer to heart, larger, higher elastin content
Muscular have internal elastic laminar and assists in directing blood flow to regions

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5
Q

3 arteries off the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic
left common Carotid
left Subclavian

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6
Q

Haemostasis

A

1.vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
2.formation of temporary platelet plug at injury site
3.coagulation cascade
4.Fibrinolysis, clot dissolves after tissues repaired

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7
Q

Haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

A

-Occurs in red bone marrow (soft,spongy bone in middle)

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8
Q

Blood flow through heart

A

SVC/IVC
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Reign ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lung
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral Valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta

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9
Q

Layers of heart

A

Endocardium (innermost)
Myocardium (middle muscular layer)
Epicardium (CT for lubrication and protection)

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10
Q

Conduction system of the heart

A

-SA node=natural pace maker causes atria contractions
-AV node=delays signal from SA then ventricle contraction
-Bundle of His= pathways for electrical signals to travel from AV node to ventricles
-Purkinje fibres= terminal branches of bundle of his

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11
Q

Starling forces

A

Capillary/Hydrostatic (pressure exerted by fluid in capillary outwards)
Interstitial (pressure exerted by fluid outside capillary, inwards)
Plasma Colloid Osmotic (pressure exerted by proteins such as albumin pulling fluid towards capillary)
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic (pressure exerted by proteins such as albumin pulling fluid towards the interstitial fluid)

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12
Q

Hormonal extrinsic pathway of cardiac regulation

A

-Adrenaline and noradrenaline released from adrenal medulla and bind too extracellular receptors on the surface of target cardiac cells
-target cells initiate a response acting to increase of decrease cardiac function
-stimulation of sympathies nerves innervating the adrenal medulla results in the released of adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%)
-stimulates alpha receptors within blood vessels and beta receptors in the myocardium, having a chronotropic (Heart beats with less force) or ionotropic (heart beats with more force)

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13
Q

Aortic murmurs
Where, When, what

A

2nd ICS, right sternal adge
Aortic regurgatation - blowing diastolic mumrmur
Aortic stenosis- high pitched, midsystolic (can cause dyspnea, and angina)

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14
Q

Mitral stenosis and regurgitation

A

5th ICS midclavicular line
Stenosis- low pitched mid diastolic murmur loudest over apex
Regurgitation- systolic murmur heart at apex

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15
Q

Where to Ausculate pulmonary valve

A

2nd ICS left sternal edge

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16
Q

Where to ausculate tricuspid valve

A

4th ICS left sternal edge

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17
Q

Cardiac output at rest

A

4-5L/min

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18
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

Number of new events divided by total population at risk

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19
Q

Respiratory membrane/blood air barrier

A

Fused basal lammina between two pops of epithelial cells, the alveolar epithelium and endothelium of pulmonary cavities

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20
Q

Anatomical dead space resp

A

Where gas exchange does not occur

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21
Q

Tidal volume, total ventilation

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled
Total ventilation is volume of air moved per minute (tidal volume times resp rate)

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22
Q

Peptide hormones

A

-short Half life
-bind to cell surface receptors

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23
Q

Steroid hormones

A

-derived from cholesterol
-made in smooth ER and mitochondria
-not stored
-longer half life
-modulate gene expression (by activating or repressing gene transaction)

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24
Q

Amine hormones

A

-Amino acid derived
-Stored in vesicles until needed
-short half life
-cell surface receptors

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25
Q

Upregulation and down regulation for hormone stimulation

A

High levels of hormone causes target cells to produce receptors, low levels mean they lose receptors

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26
Q

Factors effecting plasma conc of hormone

A

Rate of secretion, rate of binding to carrier proteins, and rate of metabolism

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27
Q

Pancreas- Alpha cells

A

Produce glucagon —> increase blood sugar levels

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28
Q

Pancreas - Beta cells

A

Produce insulin —> decrease blood sugar levels

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29
Q

Pancreas - Delta cells

A

produce somatostatin —> inhibits the release of other hormones eg insulin and glucagon

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30
Q

Pancreas - PP cells

A

Produce pancreatic peptide —> regulate appetite and digestion

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31
Q

Stimulation of insulin secretion

A

Occurs through glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS)
•When blood glucose levels rise, glucose molecules are transported into pancreatic beta cells via glucose
transporters (GLUT2).
• Inside the beta cells, glucose undergoes metabolism through glycolysis, leading to an increase in intracellular
ATP levels.
• This rise in ATP levels triggers the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels), depolarising
the cell membrane and leading to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
• The influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) triggers the exocytosis of insulin-containing vesicles, releasing insulin into the
bloodstream, thus promoting the uptake and storage of glucose by cells throughout the body.

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32
Q

Autonomic NS regulation of insulin secretion

A

Sympathetic —> inhibits secretion when low blood glucose levels
Parasympathetic —> stimulated secretion in response to high plasma glucose

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33
Q

Insulin actions

A

-Facilitates glucose uptake, stimulates glycogenesis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
-Increases conversion of glucose to fatty acids in adipose tissues, decrease lipolysis
-promotes activ transport of amino acids into muscle, increases protein synthesis

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34
Q

Diabetes mellitus complications

A

-Micro and Macro-vascular changes (stroke, hypertension, Atherosclerosis)
-Peripheral Neuropathy (impaired reflexes, incontinence , pain/numbness)

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35
Q

HPA (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) Axis

A
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36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-Regulates body functions including sleep, temp, hunger and thirst
-link between nervous system and endocrine system

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37
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

-“Master Gland” regulates other endocrine glands
-Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is made of glandular tissues, has a vascular connection to hypothalamus
-Posterior pituitary (neuropophysis) is made of nerve fibres and glial cells, has a neural connection to hypothalamus

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38
Q

What is released from anterior pituitary

A

-TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
-Prolactin
-ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)
-LH (Luteinizing Hormone)/FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
-GH (Growth Hormone)

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39
Q

What is released by the Posterior pituitary

A

-ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone AKA Vasopressin)
-Oxytocin (for milk ejection and uterine contraction)
-NB: these are stored here, but produced in the hypothalamus

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40
Q

TSH do what

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine —> regulates metabolism, temp, weight

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41
Q

Prolactin do what

A

Stims breast for lactation

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42
Q

ACTH do what

A

-Stimulates adrenal gland —> releases cortisol and other steroid hormones
-released by corticotrophs

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43
Q

ADH/Vasopressin do what

A

Regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys and vasoconstriction

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44
Q

GH do what

A

-effects bone, tissues and liver
-Countercts insulin
-released by somatotrophs
-AKA somatotropin
-interacted with tyrosine kinase linked receptors in cell surface

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45
Q

Hypophysiotropoic hormones

A

-released by hypothalamus to either stimulate or suppress the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
-two types, releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone
EG: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH

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46
Q

Somatostatin

A

-AKA Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone
-released by hypothalamus

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47
Q

IGF-1 and IGF-2

A

-IGF-1 Peptide hormone that stimulates cell growth and proliferation in various tissues.
-IGF-2 Growth-promoting hormone primarily involved in foetal growth and development.

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48
Q

Thyroid hormones (types and description)

A

-T3, regulates metabolism, growth and development
-T4 (thyroxine), regulates metabolism and energy balance
-Caclitonin, regulates calcium levels in blood, and bone metabolism (also —> parathyroid hormone production)

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49
Q

Thyroid disorders

A

-Hashimotots disease (hypothyroidism due to inflammation and destruction)
-Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism due to antibody production)

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50
Q

Hypo and hyper calciumia

A

Hyper—> weakness, fatigue, kidney stones, bone pain (Fixed by Calcitonin and Vitamin D aka calcitrol)
Hypo—> muscle spasms and tetany and seizures (fixed by parathyroid hormone)

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51
Q

Cortisol

A

-released from the adrenal glands
-increases BP and HR
-suppresses immune function
-regulates glucose metabolism, and promotes gluconeogenesis
-inhibits hone formation and bone resorption
-influences mood, cognition and stress response

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52
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypercortisolsim

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53
Q

Catecholamine hormones

A

-made by adrenal glands
-use g coupled protein receptors

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54
Q

Upper GI tract

A

-Mouth (for chewing)
-Oesophagus
-Stomach (mechanical digestion and small amount of absorption)
-Duodenum (digestion due to arrival of bile and pancreatic juice + absorption)

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55
Q

GI tract wall

A

-Mucosa (innermost layer of epithelium, lamina proprietor and muscularis mucosa)
-Submucosa (blood vessels, lymph tissue and nerves for support and nutrition of mucosa)
-Muscularis externa (provides rhythmic contractions that propel food)
-Seboas (outermost layers secretes a slippery fluid to reduce friction)

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56
Q

Motility in GI tract

A

-smooth muscle contractions
-Propulsive movements = peristalsis
-Mixing movement = segmentation
-gradient of segemntation also helps

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57
Q

Liver and gallbladder secretions GI tract

A

Bile (bile salts, alkaline secretions, bilirubin)

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58
Q

What does exocrine pancreas secrete

A

Digestive enzymes eg; lipase, amylase, trypsin

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59
Q

What does the small intestine secrete

A

-Succus entericus, enzymes

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60
Q

CCK hormone

A

-secreted from duodenum
-regulates lipid and protein digestion

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61
Q

Emesis (vomiting) mech

A

1.Coordinated by the vomiting centre in the medulla of the brainstem
2.Deep inspiration; glottis is closed; uvula is raised
3.Stomach, oesophagus, and gastroesophageal sphincter is relaxed
4.Respiratory muscles (diaphragm and abdominal) are contracted; stomach is squeezed between descending diaphragm and increasing intra-abdominal pressure
5.Sensation of nausea, salivation, sweating, rapid heart rate is regulated by the ANS
6.Excessive vomiting results in the loss of fluids and acids

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62
Q

MMC (migrating motility complex)

A

-starts after most nutrients are absorbed

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63
Q

Acinar cells

A

Exocrine cells in pancreas that produce and secrete digestive enzymes, and bicarbonate ions into small intestine

64
Q

Chyme

A

-Comes from stomach goes to small intestine

65
Q

Pathway for filtration - Kidneys, bigger things

A

Renal Papilla (tip of renal pyramids, with the renal medulla)
Minor calyces
Major calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureter

66
Q

Anal sphincters

A

-internal is involuntary, external voluntary
-both made of smooth muscle

67
Q

Bladder sphincters

A

-composed of bands of skeletal muscle
-Internal is involuntary, external is voluntary

68
Q

Efferent vs affertent

A

Afferent= bring towards
Efferent= carry away

69
Q

peritubular capillarie role in blood filtration

A

-surround the nephron and its parts (eg: vasa recta run along the loop of henle) and are highly permeable allowing the exchange of fluids and solutes

70
Q

Cortical nephrons vs juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Cortical = in renal cortex
Juxtamedullary = long nephron loops that extend into the medulla, are needed to produce concentrated urine

71
Q

Proximal convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Extends from Bowmans capsule and reabsorbs glucose, ions, amino acids and water

72
Q

Loop of Henle

A

-establishment of osmotic gradient through the reabsorption of water and ions

73
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

-Fine tuning of ion reabsorption and secretion, especially sodium, potassium and calcium

74
Q

collecting duct (nephron)

A

-receives filtrate from multiple nephrons, collecting urine and transporting it to renal pelvis

75
Q

How fluid moves through nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collection duct

76
Q

Glomerulus

A

-tuft of capillaries where blood is filtered, small molecules go into bow,and capsule, while retaining larger proteins and blood cells
-reabsorption of water, glucose, ions +secretion of waste products into the tubular fluid

77
Q

Mesangial cells

A

-provide support to glomerular capillaries, prevent collapse
-phagocytosis
-cytokine secretion

78
Q

Mesangial cells

A

-provide support to glomerular capillaries, prevent collapse
-phagocytosis
-cytokine secretion

79
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

-Increase water reabsorption in the collecting ducts —> more concentrated urine
-released from pituitary gland, after hypothalamus ducts changes in blood osmolality or concentration
-ADH released when fluid levels low or osmolality is high

80
Q

Aldosterone

A

-Released by adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)
-stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal tubules and collecting duct
-higher sodium levels in blood = more water= high blood volume and pressure
Also promotes excretion of potassium ions into filtrate, helping to maintain proper levels in body

81
Q

JGA (Juxtaglomerular Apparatus) components and function of each

A

-Juxtaglomerular cells=smooth muscle that secretes enzyme renin
-Macula Densa=group off specialised cells in distal convoluted tubule, sense NaCl conc
-Mesangial cells, support, phagocytosis,

82
Q

Waste products in urine

A

Urea, creatinine, uric acid

83
Q

Inulin clearance vs creatinine clearance

A

Inulin Is neither reabsorption or secreted by renal tubules = ideal marker for GFR measurement
Creatinine is affected by tubular secretion and reabsorption

84
Q

Regulation of bladder sphincters

A

-urge to pee appears around 200ml
-internal sphincter opens at 500ml (regulated by reduced sympathetic outflow), due to stretch receptors
-external is relaxed by somatic nervous innervation

85
Q

Microglia

A

immune cells of CNS

86
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped cells, providing structure and Nutrient supply

87
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support cells ing PNS ganglia

88
Q

Epedymel cells

A

Line brain and spinal cord, producing CSF

89
Q

Oligodendrites

A

Produce myelin sheeth in CNS

90
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath in PNS

91
Q

Blood Brain barrier

A

Epithelium -tight junctions preventing free movement
Pericytes-regulates molecules moving through layers
Basement membrane - structural support
Astrocytes- encapsulate blood vessels= monitoring

92
Q

Action potential sequence of events

A
  1. Resting potential (-70mV)
  2. Reaching threshold (-55mV) - voltage gates Na+ channels open
  3. Depolarisation (+40mV) - influx of Na+, increased voltage, Na+ close, K+ open
  4. Repolarisation (-70mV) - K+ exits, restoration of resting potential
    (.5) Hyper-polarisation (<-70mV) excess of cations
93
Q

Saltatory vs continuous conduction

A

Saltatory (myelinated) = rapid nerve impulse propagation jumping between nodes of ranvier
Continuous (unmyelinated) = slower nerve pulse propagation along entire length of axon

94
Q

Sequence of synaptic transmission

A
  1. Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles at the presynaptic neuron.
  2. Vesicles mobilise and dock at the presynaptic cell membrane.
  3. Action potential reaches the terminal end of the presynaptic neuron.
  4. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open; depolarising the membrane.
  5. Vesicles detect a change in Ca2+ concentration; bind to the cell membrane.
  6. Neurotransmitters (in carrier vesicles) exit the axon terminals via exocytosis and enter the extracellular
  7. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
  8. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
  9. A new action potential is initiated through postsynaptic stimulation.
95
Q

Neurotransmitter types

A

Amino acid (eg glutamate or GABA)
Classic amine (eg dopamine, adrenaline)

96
Q

Graded vs action potential

A

Graded - ligand gated, short membrane, and can summation
Action - voltage gated, all of nothing long axon with no loss of strength

97
Q

Telencephalon

A

Largest division housing the cerebral cortex, responsible for higher cognitive functions; located at the anterior region of the brain.

98
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, pivotal for sensory relay physiological regulation; situated between the telencephalon and mesencephalon.

99
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Also known as the midbrain, serves as a conduit for auditory and visual reflexes; located between the diencephalon and metencephalon.

100
Q

Metencephalon

A

Houses the cerebellum and pons, crucial for movement coordination and balance maintenance; positioned between the mesencephalon and myelencephalon.

101
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Includes the medulla oblongata, controlling autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate; situated at the posterior end of the brainstem.

102
Q

Frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex, responsible for motor, planning, reasoning judgement, and is separated from parietal lobe by the central sulcus-central succumbs sperates it from the motor cortex

103
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary sensory area, responsible for facilitating somatosensation (pain touch, priopreception etc)

104
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual area

105
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory area: responsible for language, hearing and memory

106
Q

Insular lobe

A

Responsible for motor control, decision making, sensory function

107
Q

Brain metabolism

A

-can only use glucose
-needs high oxygen supply prev eating anaerobic respiration bc no lactic acid and lots of ATP

108
Q

Circle of Wills

A

-goes into anterior cerebral artery at top
-anterior communicating artery
-middle cerebral artery cuts through middle
-posterior communicating artery
-posterior cerebral artery
-goes into basilar artery at bottom

109
Q

DORSAL LATERAL AND VENTRAL COLLUM

A

Dorsal Column Sensory function
Lateral Column Sensory and motor function
Ventral Column Sensory and motor function

110
Q

Proprioception

A

Positional sense of muscles, regulated by muscle spindles and golgi tendons

111
Q

Different types of Nervous system receptors and their function

A

Proprioceptor/mechanoreceptor: touch, two point discrimination, muscle proprioception
Thermoreceptor: temperature
Nociceptor: pain

112
Q

The DCML pathway

A

Responsible for conveying precise touch, proprioception, and vibratory sensations via large, myelinated fibres that ascend through the dorsal columns of the spinal cord to the brainstem and then to the thalamus.

113
Q

The lateral spinothalamic pathway

A

carries pain and temperature sensations via smaller, unmyelinated fibres that synapse in the spinal cord and then ascend contralaterally to the thalamus.

114
Q

The anterior spinothalamic pathway

A

also conveys crude touch and pressure sensations but projects to different regions of the thalamus, providing a parallel route for somatosensory information processing.

115
Q

Function of Bones

A

Protection Encloses internal organs and organ systems, protecting them.
Support Contains a rigid structural framework
Movement Anchors skeletal muscle
Mineral Storage Stores minerals for homeostasis and ionic balance
Blood cell production Red bone marrow enables haematopoiesis (BC production)
Energy storage Yellow bone marrow stores fat/energy

116
Q

Function of Bones

A

Protection Encloses internal organs and organ systems, protecting them.
Support Contains a rigid structural framework
Movement Anchors skeletal muscle
Mineral Storage Stores minerals for homeostasis and ionic balance
Blood cell production Red bone marrow enables haematopoiesis (BC production)
Energy storage Yellow bone marrow stores fat/energy

117
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bone Cylindrical in shape; longer than they are wide; provide leverage for movement.
Short bone Cube-like in shape; equal in dimensions; provide stability, support, movement.
Flat bone Thin; often curved; enable muscle attachment and protection of organs.
Sesamoid bone Small; ball-like; form from within a tendon; protect tendons.
Irregular bone Complex; no clear characteristic shape; protection for organs.

118
Q

Bone Composition

A

Cortical bone is the outer edge of the bone; it is the prominent composition in diaphysis; contains osteons; has strength in a uniform direction.
Trabecular bone is the internal bone latticework; it is the prominent composition in heads of long bones, contains trabeculae (bony struts); has strength in multiple directions.

119
Q

Bone parts

A

Diaphysis Shaft; made of cortical (compact) bone
Epiphysis Ends of bone; made of trabecular (spongy) bone
Metaphysis Between epiphysis and diaphysis; contains trabecular (spongy) bone

120
Q

Osteoblast

A

Cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing the extracellular matrix of bone tissue; enable bone formation, mineralization, and repair

121
Q

Osteoblast

A

Cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing the extracellular matrix of bone tissue; enable bone formation, mineralization, and repair

122
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells that are derived from osteoblasts; embedded in the mineralized matrix of bone tissue; help maintain bone health and integrity

123
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleated cells that are responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue; enable bone remodelling, repair, and maintenance

124
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

A

Bony joint Complete fusion of two bones
Fibrous joint Held together by dense collagen fibres
Cartilaginous joint Held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage)
Synovial joint Held together by fibrous joint capsules and ligaments; contains a joint space

125
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

Synarthrosis Immobile; no movement Bony; fibrous
Amphiarthrosis Partially mobile; minor movement Cartilaginous
Diarthrosis Freely mobile; wide range of movement Synovial

126
Q

Actin and myosin

A

two main proteins involved in muscle contraction.

127
Q

Actin and myosin

A

two main proteins involved in muscle contraction.

128
Q

Sacromere

A

the basic contractile units of muscle fibres.

When the myosin heads bind to actin, the sarcomeres shorten, causing the muscle fibre to contract.

129
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to be extended or stretched.

130
Q

interstitial cells of Cajal

A

“Pacemaker cells of gut”
*coordinate movement of intestines *

131
Q

interstitial cells of Cajal

A
132
Q

Layers of epidermis, deepest to most superficial

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
(Barry stops grabbing little children)

133
Q

Progesterone role

A

thickening your uterine lining and creating a good environment for a fertilized egg to implant

134
Q

5 moments of hand hygiene

A

Before touching a patient, after touching a patient, before a procedure, after a procedure of body fluid risk, after touching a patients surroundings

135
Q

Wrist tenderness cause

A

Hypotrophic pulmonary autropathy - long cancer

136
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin, glands, hair, nails

137
Q

Four principles approach

A

autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice

138
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow, thymus,

139
Q

Rate (epidemiology)

A

new cases/per pop
Measure of the frequency of occurrence of a particular event or condition relative to the size of the population at risk, often expressed per unit of time.

140
Q

Count (epidemiology)

A

Total number of cases or occurrences of a particular event or condition.

141
Q

Incidence (epidemiology)

A

Rate of new occurrences of a condition or event within a specified period.

142
Q

Prevalence (epidemiology)

A

Proportion of a population with a particular condition or characteristic at a specific point in time.

143
Q

Principles of Indigenous care

A

Respect
Acknowledge and honour the cultural heritage, traditions, and values of Indigenous communities.
Reciprocity
Ensure mutual benefit and respect in all interactions, avoiding exploitation or tokenism.
Accountability
Be open and accountable in all practices, providing clear and honest communication; be culturally sensitive.

144
Q

Levels of intervention

A

Primordial
Prevention of risk factors; focuses on preventing the development of risk factors themselves
Primary
Prevention of disease in high-risk individuals; aims to reduce the incidence of disease
Secondary
Early detection and prompt treatment of disease; aims to halt the progression of disease
Tertiary
Reducing the impact of an ongoing illness; aims to improve quality of life and reduce complications

145
Q

Ottawa Charter

A

Strengthen community action
Empower communities to take collective responsibility for health.
Develop personal skills
Enhance individual abilities to make informed health decisions.
Create supportive environments
Establish environments that promote and sustain health.
Reorient health services
Shift health services towards prevention and health promotion.
Build healthy public policy
Advocate for government policies that prioritise health and well-being.

146
Q

Ethical Approaches

A

Consequentialism
When making ethical decisions, the main thing to do is to weigh the consequences.
Utilitarianism
A branch of consequentialism in which an individual attempts to effectuate the greatest good to the greatest number.
Deontology
Consequences alone do not determine rightness; instead, the rightness of a Deontology action is determined by the action itself and whether it conforms to a moral rule
(e.g. don’t tell lies, don’t steal, keep promises).
Virtue Ethics
Character, not actions, is the focus of ethics; try and attain a perfect balance of characteristics, such as empathy, depending on the situation.

147
Q

Paternalism

A

The doctor is in total control; opacity is present in communication to keep spirits up
To be paternalistic (fatherly) is to act for another’s good without regard for their preferences or wishes; it is not
necessarily against their wishes, but without regard for them.

148
Q

5A’s

A

1 Ask
2 Assess
3 Advise
4 Assist
5 Arrange

149
Q

Giving feedback

A

Make sure it is timely, clear and appropriate

150
Q

Carer

A

A person who provides unpaid care and support to family members and friends who have a physical, emotional, or cognitive ailment.

151
Q

Tripartite Account of Consent

A

Voluntary
Consent must be genuinely voluntary; no coercion or manipulation
Informed
The consenting party must be provided with adequate information and adequate opportunity for deliberation
Competent
The consenting party must be sufficiently competent or autonomous (and able to understand the nature of what is being offered)

152
Q

Self care Strategies

A

Exercise
Mindfulness
Quality sleep.
Hobbies/relaxation
Professional support

153
Q

Why medical students high risk of mental illness

A

Lack of Work-Life Balance
Long Hours and Sleep Deprivation
Emotional/Psychological Stressors
Academic Pressure

154
Q

Health impact pyramid

A

Counselling and Education
eg on nutrition or exercise
Clinical Interventions
eg control of BP, cholesterol, diabetes etc
Long lasting protecting interventions
eg immunizations, brief interventions, colonoscopy
Changing the context to make individuals decisions healthy
eg ionization of salt, tobacco taxes, smoke free laws
Socioeconomic Factors
eg anti-poverty, education, access to healthcare, elimination of disparities

155
Q

Australias Health Landscape

A

Specialist, acute, and residential care
Specialised medical treatment for acute conditions, provided in hospitals or residential facilities.
Primary health and community care
Basic healthcare services delivered in community settings, focusing on prevention, early intervention, and management of common health issues.
Health promotion and disease prevention
Activities aimed at improving public health through education, lifestyle modifications, and interventions targeting risk factors and behaviours.
Determinants of health and demographic other factors
Social, economic, environmental, and biological factors influencing health outcomes, including demographics such as age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

156
Q

Heart sounds

A

S1 (“lub”):
Closure of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) at the start of systole.
S2 (“dub”):
Closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) at the start of diastole.
S3:
Occurs in early diastole during rapid ventricular filling; can be normal in youth but often indicates heart failure in older adults.
S4:
Occurs in late diastole during atrial contraction; usually indicates a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle. arterial stenosis

ASAP (3 decks)

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