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health and social care > AS3 health and wellbeing > Flashcards

AS3 health and wellbeing Flashcards

Mrs Robinson

1
Q

Define health

A

Health has more than dimension. it includes physical, social, emotional, spiritual wellbeing and is a positive concept. Health is the absence of disease and can be influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet or level of exercise

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2
Q

Define ill-health

A

A state in which an individual is unable to function normally and without pain. It can be physical or mental and may be about the presence of something negative like a
disease or the absence of something positive like adequate nutrition

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3
Q

Define disease

A

A diagnostic label given to a set of signs or symptoms e.g crohn’s disease. It can have a significant effect on the body’s ability to function mentally or physically and can be communicable or non-communicable. may be a result of injury, accident or infection and can be long or short term.

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4
Q

Define stress-related illness

A

A build up of tension or pressure that may be caused by daily life tasks such as work. Short-term stress ~ alarm triggers fight or flight
Long-term stress ~ physical symptoms e.g ulcers, lowered immunity, nausea, high blood pressure etc.

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5
Q

Define mental health

A

A state of psychological wellbeing as well asnthe absence of mental illness. Being able to cope with, be in control of and face daily demands of life and taking on responsibility. A person’s ability to organise their thoughts in a coherent pattern and act accordingly with ease.

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6
Q

Define mental illness

A

A collective term for all diagnosable mental health problems that become “clinical,” i.e. where professional intervention and treatment is required e.g the major psychotic illnesses, such as endogenous depression, schizophrenia, and manic-depressive psychosis. The term used to describe behaviour that is generally regarded as abnormal and inexplicable within the expected patterns of behaviour associated with particular roles in society. Mental illness has been linked to chemical changes in the brain which produce abnormal often undesired behaviour, e.g. violent mood swings, physical aggression.

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7
Q

5 main physical needs for service users
including; children, older people, those with illnesses, physical disabilities, learning disabilities or mental health needs

A
  • Hygiene
  • Exercise/movement/mobility
  • Nutrition
  • Medication/ physiotherapy for some
  • Shelter/housing/warmth
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8
Q

4 main intellectual needs for service users
including; children, older people, those with illnesses, physical disabilities, learning disabilities or mental health needs

A
  • Learning new skills
  • Knowledge
  • Stimulation
  • Language needs
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9
Q

7 main emotional needs for service users
including; children, older people, those with illnesses, physical disabilities, learning disabilities or mental health needs

A
  • Feeling of stability
  • Feeling cared for
  • Positive self-concept/esteem needs/need for self-confidence
  • Sense of control over one’s life/ sense of autonomy
  • Sense of belonging
  • Feeling respected
  • Religious/ spiritual needs
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10
Q

4 main social needs for service users
including; children, older people, those with illnesses, physical disabilities, learning disabilities or mental health needs

A
  • Contact with other people
  • Friendships/ family relationships
  • Social interaction outside the family e.g. in the community
  • Interacting with staff
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11
Q

What is the potential impact of physical health on psychological wellbeing?

ADVANTAGES

A
  • Be happy
  • Feel relieved
  • Have a positive self concept
  • Have high self esteem
  • Feel confident
  • Be content
  • Have a sense of control over life (sense of autonomy)
  • Feel emotionally secure
  • Experience freedom from worry
    (CCEA answers)
  • Can carry out normal daily routine
  • Able to develop good social relationships
    (From other booklets)
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12
Q

What is the potential impact of physical health on psychological wellbeing?

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • May not always have positive psychology e.g. may be unhappy or stressed
  • May have mental health problems like depression
  • May have a negative self concept or low self esteem for other reasons than health e.g bereavment, relationship problems, bullying
  • Sense of fear e.g thinks its too good to be true
  • Overthinking/ paranoid
  • On edge all the time - unable to develop relationships
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13
Q

What is the potential impact of physical ill-health on psychological wellbeing?

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • Feel sad
  • Feel depressed
  • Feel anxious
  • Feel worried
  • Be stressed
  • Feel unhappy
  • Have a negative self concept
  • Have low self esteem
  • Feel down
  • Feel emotionally insecure
  • Feel vulnerable
  • Lack of interest in taking part in leisure activities
  • ELiminate yourself from social interactions and groups
  • Isolation which effects mental state
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14
Q

What is the potential impact of physical health on psychological wellbeing?

ADVANTAGES

A
  • May find inner strength to deal with their illness and therfore have a positive self concept
  • May value and work hard on relationships and feel happy as a result
  • May feel loved and cared for by family and friends
  • May be determined to beat the illness
  • They may get comfort by becoming more spiritual
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15
Q

What is the potential effects of ill health for both individuals and their families on:
* EDUCATION

A

EFFECT ON INDIVIDUAL
* Education suffer due to losing concentration in school/college/uni due to worrying about their own ill-health or due to feeling too unwell to focus
* May fall behind e.g. missing school days means missing out on work which also contributes to poorer educational achievment long term
* Miss out on oppertunities for higher education e.g uni admissions for courses like nursing take attendence into account when offering places
* A sick adult may give up thier course if they fall behind e.g. leave their night class
EFFECT ON FAMILIES
* Parents may have to miss out on their education e..g night classes to look after their sick child leading to them potentially not gaining the qualifications they need
* Siblings of an ill child or who have a sick parent can become worried and lose concentration in school - negative effect on education
* Other family members miss out days of school/college to care for sick individual
* A child of an ill parent may get more help with homework etc as parent is always home - could improve child’s attainment at school

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16
Q

What is the potential effects of ill health for both individuals and their families on:
* EMPLOYMENT

A

EFFECT ON INDIVIDUAL
* Miss out on promotions
* Low work performance output
* Risk losing their job
* Loss of income
* Strained working relationships
EFFECT ON FAMILIES
* Stress
* Loss of income
* Have to care for the sick individuals putting their own job at risk

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17
Q

What is the potential effects of ill health for both individuals and their families on:
* INCOME

A

EFFECT ON INDIVIDUALS
* Less income as they cannot work and sick pay is usually much less than full pay
* Their source of income may change e.g if individual has long term illness they may be asked to leave work and then may have to depend on benefits which can reduce income considerably
* Income drastically reduced long term as individual may not get another job due to inability to work/ their sick record - long term dependency on state benefits often means they’ll experience poverty
* May have to use their income in different ways e.g. pay for travel to treatment/hospital
* Being home all day can be expensive e.g. increased heating costs
* Unable to afford nutritious meals
EFFECT ON FAMILIES
* Income reduced as they cannot work overtime or have to work part time to provide care
* May have to get income from different source e.g. parent may have to leave work to provide care for sick child - have to rely on state benefits - lower income
* Use income in different ways - costs of accessing care - travel to appointments

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18
Q

What is the potential effects of ill health for both individuals and their families on:
* Leisure activities

A

EFFECT ON INDIVIDUAL
* Take part in less leisure activities due to lack of time and energy due to their illness and treatment - may feel less socialable and not want to participate in group actitivities
* May have to give up actitivities completely due to ill health e.g. unable to do favourite sport
* Mya have to change type of leisure activity they do to suit their illness e.g drop sport take up painting
EFFECT ON FAMILIES
* May be unable to do as many activities as a family group e.g may miss out on holidays too as the individual is too sick to go - lead to resentment
* May be unable to participate in as many activites due to caring role
* May have to completely give up certain activities e.g. club memberships to care for ill individual and take on their responsibilities in the home
* May be unable to attend activities regularly e.g parent is too sick to take child places
* Change type of family activities e.g sport to cinema

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19
Q

What is the potential effects of ill health for both individuals and their families on:
* Relationships

A

EFFECT ON INDIVIDUAL
* May become more socially isolated
* May lose their ability to communicate - strain on relationships
* Family relationships can be strengthened due to spending more time together
* Less opportunities to form relationships
* Strain on rwltionships with siblings due to resentment
EFFECT ON FAMILIES
* Individual may become more reliant on family - family feels more appreciated
* Miss out on family outings
* Family may lose relationships as they are unabkle to e.g go out with friends due to caring role

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20
Q

Name 4 Socio-economic factors

A
  • Gender
  • Social Class
  • Housing
  • Culture and Ethnicity
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21
Q

4 physical impacts of gender

A
  • Women are known to live longer than men but have higher rates of morbidity
  • Heart disease is the biggest cause of death for both men and women but the number of men that die is double the number of women
  • Breast cancer is second highest killer of women but only effects a small number of men
  • Men - testicular cancer
  • Women - cervical/ovarian cancer
  • Men are more likely to have accidents that cause death or serious injury
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22
Q

4 social impacts of gender

A
  • 90% of single parents are women - difficulty affording children to go out with friends
  • More women tha men are isolated due to looking after their children all day
  • Women could have more social opportunities to meet people through children’s activities
  • More women than men attend parent-toddler groups
  • Isolation is a bigger problem for older men than older women
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23
Q

4 psychological impacts of gender

A
  • Women are more likely to have mental health problems e.g. eating disorder
  • More females than males seek help for depression
  • Women - postntal depression and depression linked to menopause
  • Men are more likley to abuse drugs and alchohol to cope emotionally
  • Men are more likely to self harm and commit suicide
  • Suicide rates for men are 3 times higher than for women
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24
Q

4 physical impacts of social class

A
  • Lower class have higher infant mortality rates due to e.g poor housing & are less likely to continue with healthcare checkups after birth
  • Lower class 3 times more likley to have children in poor health e.g asthma rates are higher
  • Lower class older people are 3-4 times more likely to have a physical dysfunction than middle class
  • Middle class have an average of 7 years longer life expectancy than lower due to e.g. affording better diets, hosuing access private healthcare before condition detereorates
  • Middle class less likely to smoke
  • Breast cancer is more common in middle class but they are also more likley to survive it
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25
Q

Social impacts of social class

A
  • Middle class can afford more social activities such as golf and skiing
  • Lower class may have difficulty affording to socialise
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26
Q

Psychological impact of social class

A
  • Lower class are more prone to anxiety and stress
  • Lower more likley to suffer from depression, low self esteem e.g because they can’t have what others have
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27
Q

4 physical impacts of housing

A
  • Unclean housing infested with vermin which spread disease
  • Disease spreads more easily in overcrowded conditions e.g flu
  • Inadequate heating - more likley to develop asthma, bronchitis, cardiovascular problems and in severe cases death from hypthermia
  • Lack of facilities lead to poor hygiene - increased risk of illness and infection
  • If cooking facilities are sub-standard may lead to cooking less nurtitious meals
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28
Q

3 social impacts of housing

A
  • High rise flat - no garden - difficult for children to interact throygh play with others
  • Sub standard housing - less likely to invite people over e.g may be too embarrassed leading to social isolation
  • Good housing encourages social contact
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29
Q

4 psychological impacts of housing

A
  • Safe home - refuge from outside world and provides sense of identity and attachment
  • Poor housing - high level of mental health issues like depression
  • Inadequate hosuing has adverse effect on self esteem due to feeling embarrassed or ashamed
  • Lack of privacy in overcrowded areas leading to stress
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30
Q

4 physical impacts of culture and ethnicity

A
  • All Uk ethnic minority groups (excluding irish and chinese) are more likely to suffer from diabetes
  • Asian men are more at risk of angina and heart attacks than other groups
  • Black carribbeanand pakistani women are more likely to be obese
  • Only black people can get sickle cell anaemia
  • Some ethnic minorities may find it difficult to access health services e.g language barriers - condition may detereorate
  • Beliefs affect treatment e.g johovah’s witness will refuse blood transfusions
  • Some chinese women will not see male doctors
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31
Q

4 social impacts of culture and ethnicity

A
  • May choose to limit social contacts to other of the same culture because of language barriers or prejudice and discrimination
  • May feel isolated on healthcare as staff dont understand their culture or beliefs
  • Strong social support network for ethnic minoritoes - sense of belonging
  • Enhanced social contacts through regularly attending religious worship or community events
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32
Q

4 psychological impacts of culture and ethnicity

A
  • Afro-caribbean men are more likely to be catagorized as schizophrenic on their first hospital admission than white people
  • Black & ethnic minorities are more likely to be sectioned or detained than white people
  • Increased risk of poor psychological health if the ethnic minority group is more likley to suffer from mental disorders or phobias such as OCD or panic disorder
  • Black & ethnic minority groups are over-represented in psychiatric hospitals
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33
Q

Name 4 physical factors

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Type II diabetes
  • Osteoarthritis
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34
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic condition caused by a faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. Mucus fills up lungs and effects digestive system

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35
Q

Phsyical effects of cystic fibrosis

genetically inherited

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Poor growth
  • Frequent respiratory infections
  • Breathing problems
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Weak bones
  • Issues with digestive system
  • Difficulty with fertility
  • Liver disease
  • Mucus fills lungs so may require daily phsyio
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36
Q

Social effects of cystic fibrosis

A
  • Social isolation due to being embarrassed of symptoms
  • Withdraw from relationships or problems forming friendships
  • Lack of independence
  • Can’t do lots of physical activity due to respiratory issues
  • Not willing to socialise due to low energy
  • Refrain from crowds due to fear of infection
  • May avoid social meal occassions
  • Can’t be in same room as others with cystic fibrosis
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37
Q

Psychological effect of cystic fibrosis

A
  • Increased anxiety and stress due to symptoms
  • Low self esteem
  • Greater risk of developing depression
  • Worry about having a family/ passing on gene to their children
  • Fearful of degeneration
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38
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

Genetically inherited condition where nerve cells in the brain become damaged, stopping parts of the brain working properlyover time. It is degenerative.

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39
Q

Physical effects of huntington’s disease

genetically inherited & degenerative

A
  • Difficulty concentrating and memory lapses
  • Stumbling and clumsiness
  • Involuntary jerking or fidgety movements of the limbs and body
  • Mood swings and personality changes
  • Problems swallowing, speaking and breathing
  • Difficulty moving and walking
  • May become wheelchair bound
  • Weight loss
  • Risk of choking
  • Slurred speech
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40
Q

Social effects of huntington’s disease

A
  • Socially isolated and feel excluded due to lack of communication
  • Prevents social participation due to motor limitations
  • Strain on relationships
  • Could strengthen relationships due to family caring for them
  • Discrimination
  • May socially withdraw from hobbies
  • Too tired to maintain relationships and go out
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41
Q

Psychological effects of huntington’s disease

A
  • Depression
  • Low mood
  • Feel hopeless
  • Mood swings
  • Irritability
  • Aggressive behaviour
  • Anxiety
  • Apathetic
  • Frustrated
  • Feel misunderstood (mistaken for drunk)
  • Experience hallucinations
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42
Q

What is osteoarthritis

A

Causes joints to become painful and stiff. It is most common in the UK. Cartilidge in joints lose elasticity and become stiff

chronic illness

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43
Q

Physical effects of osteroarthritis

A
  • Limited range of motion
  • Pain
  • Stiffness
  • Swelling
  • Trouble coordinating
  • Weakness in joints when gripping
  • More susceptible to damage weight bearing joints, hips, knees etc.
  • Tenderness
  • Grating or cracking sound when moving the affected joints
  • Bleeding in joints
  • Sleep Disturbances
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44
Q

Social effects of osteoarthritis

A
  • May no longer be able to carry out normal functions/activities/hobbies
  • May become withdrawn from social outings/ gatherings due to limited mobility
  • Form new relationships with carers
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45
Q

Psychological effects of ostearthritis

A
  • Feel depressed, tearful, anxious,
  • Distressed to become dependent on help
  • Feel down due to level of pain
  • Fear of further detereoration
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46
Q

What is type II diabetes

A

Problems with a chemical in the body called insulin as a result of being overweight or inactive.

chronic illness

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47
Q

Physical effects of type II diabetes

A
  • Excessive thirst
  • Frequent urination, headaches, tiredness and lethargy
  • Losing weight accidently
  • Cuts and wounds take longer to heal
  • Blurred vision
  • Can cause confusion, sickness, even passing out
  • Chronic long term problems including nerve damage which can affect sight, joints, foot problems due to circulation even amputation
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48
Q

Social effects of type II diabetes

A
  • Refrain from gatherings which involve alchohol
  • Slight joint issues may deter from joining in activities
  • Meet new people through support groups
  • May avoid social meals due to restricted diet
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49
Q

Psychological effects of type II diabetes

A
  • Burnt out
  • Depressed
  • Feel anger, guilt
  • Low self esteem
  • Irritable
  • Lack of concentration
  • Feel strong sense of resillience to overcome condition
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50
Q

Name 3 environmental factors

A
  1. Geographical Location
  2. Pollution
  3. Occupational Hazards
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51
Q

Geographical location effect in physical health and well being

A
  • Not good access to transport if living in rural areas with a low income = less likely to make GP appointments about symptoms resulting in health deterioration before receiving medical help
  • *Living in rural areas are less likely to have access to dental care resulting with more problems with their teeth
  • *Due to the postcode lottery in health services some areas can afford to treat individuals effectively by providing more treatments eg. IVF as they can afford to spend more money than others
  • *Living far away from hospitals causes long waiting times in ambulances resulting in health/condition deterioration
  • *Living in highly polluted areas eg. factories have increased risk of respiratory diseases such as asthma
52
Q

Geographical location effect on PSYCHOLOGICAL health and well being

A

*Rural = feel isolated due to less chance to communicate with others
*Urban = more likely to suffer from stress related illnesses = busy lifestyle
*Living in areas with sparse mental illness facilities eg. no local day centre = adverse effect on psychological health

53
Q

Psychological effects of geographical location

A
  • People in rural areas may feel isolated and lonely as they have less chance to communicate with other people
  • People from urban areas are more likely to suffer from stress related illnesses as they are living a busy lifestyle
  • Some areas have very sparse facilities for those with mental illnesses e.g no day centre - adverse affect on psychological health
54
Q

Pollution effects on physical health and well being

A
  • Urban = vehicles/factories release toxic fumes = more risk of developing respiratory infections eg. bronchitis
  • Air pollution causes chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, damage to brain, nerves, liver or kidneys
  • Smoking causes air pollution and lingers in the air = odourless therefore people are unaware they are breathing it
  • Run off from fields in rural areas can pollute drinking water with chemicals
  • Noise pollution from air traffic disrupting sleeping patterns
55
Q

Pollution effects on social health and well being

A
  • Urban areas near polluting factories which causes people to suffer from respiratory illnesses eg. asthma, bronchitis ppl may feel they cannot go out in public often as the pollution may worsen their illness = social wellbeing adversely affected
  • Those suffering with respiratory illnesses may cause them to be unable to take part in sport/leisure activities due to illness affecting their breathing patterns and shortness of breath
  • Those living in highly polluted areas will have to pay more for good filtration systems in their home
56
Q

Pollution effect on psychological health and well being

A

*Those suffering with pollution causes illnesses may suffer from stress and worry about their condition = feel disempowered
*They may feel depressed as they may not go out as often they would like due to their illness
*Children being exposed to high levels of lead from traffic fumes are prone to behavioural disorders

57
Q

Occupational hazards effect on physical health and well being

A
  • People who work with chemicals are exposed to illnesses e.g damage to the respiratory system, asthma or dermatitis - uranium, chromium and nickel cause lung cancer
  • Construction and demolition trades - asbestos cause asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue) leading to poor circulation and breathing
  • Construction/ nurses - lifting heavy loads causes back pain
  • Falling off ladders, slipping on wet surfaces, tripping over objects - back pain, broken bones
  • Some jobs leave people open to physical abuse e.g paramedics
58
Q

Occupational hazards effect on social health and well being

A

*Stress from work may cause tension at home due to pressure on relationships
*If people become injured at work they may have to take time off work resulting in a lower income preventing them from spending on social activities.
*Stressful jobs can leave people exhausted, making it difficult to have a social life
*People may work unsociable hours or long shifts preventing them from seeing their friends

59
Q

Occupational hazards effect on psychological health and well being

A

*Workers exposed to excessive noise levels may experience stress and may complain pf nervousness, sleeping problems and fatigue which contributes to psychological stress
*People who work in medical field or emergency services can find it difficult psychologically when someone dies, it can have a lasting effect
*Nurses and police can experience verbal abuse which can make them feel disempowered and depressed.

60
Q

Name 5 behavioural factors

A
  1. Exercise and lack of exercise
  2. Poor diet and healthy diet
  3. Smoking
  4. Alchohol misuse
  5. Illegal drug use
61
Q

Exercise and lack of exercise effect on physical health and well being

A

*Exercise makes the heart stronger and larger so it can pump more blood around the body
*Lowers the risk of heart problems and improves circulation
*Prevents diabetes and reduces obesity
* Builds bone strength and prevents osteoporosis
*NOT exercising makes people more likely to get colds and heart problems.
*Chances of a stroke is raised and weight gain
*Harder for women to conceive
*Shorter life expectancy

62
Q

Exercise and lack of exercise effect on social health and well being

A

*Positive influence of social health
*Encourages relationships at exercise and dance clubs
*Getting too involved in gym may cause relationships to become neglected
*Overweight due to no exercise = no confidence to go out and meet people

63
Q

Exercise and lack of exercise effect on psychological health and well being

A

*Can relieve stress depression and anxiety
*Beneficial psychological effects as body shape improvement improves self image and concept
*Feel good endorphins released = feeling of acceptance
*People who dont exercise feel depressed with a low self esteem

64
Q

Poor diet and healthy diet effect on physical health and well being

A
  • healthy/balanced diet lowers cholesterol
  • fruit & veg protects against strokes
  • reducing salt decreases risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke
  • increased dietary fibre decreases risk of pancreatic and colerectal cancer
  • lack of calcium increased chance of rickets in children and osteoperosis in adults
  • lack of iron - anaemia
  • large intake of fat leads to high blood pressure, heart disease and obesity
  • high intake of red meats increases risk of colon cancer
65
Q

Poor diet and healthy diet effect on Social health and well being

A

*Poor diet can make someone obese which may socially restrict them
*Often tired and lethargic makes them unsociable
*Good diet = more likely to partake in sports and leisure activities
*People who lose weight are more likely to join groups to make new friends making them more likely to go on social outings

66
Q

Poor diet and healthy diet effect on Psychological health and well being

A

*Obesity lowers self esteem and lack of self confidence
*Poor diets can make people anxious and stressed due to weight problems
*Mental health problems due to poor diet

67
Q

Physical impact of smoking

A
  • Cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Lung disease
  • Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease
  • Pneumonia
  • Asthma
68
Q

Social impact of smoking

A
  • Breath/clothing smell - off putting for others in social settings
  • Not allowed to smoke in some places - limit places heavy smokers can go
  • Expensive - less money to spend on socialising
  • Meet new people in smoking areas
69
Q

Psychological impact of smoking

A
  • Sense of failure or powerlessness if failed to give up
  • Lower self esteem
  • Don’t feel they value themselves properly
  • Tense/irritable
  • Some argue it relieves stress
70
Q

Physical impact of alchohol misuse

A
  • Short term:
  • Nausea, vomiting, headaches, dehydration, hangovers
  • Death or injury due to drink driving
  • Long term:
  • Diabetes, inflamation of pancreas, internal bleeding, weakened heart
  • High blood pressure, stroke
  • Detereoration of the nervous system
  • Loss of balance, impotence, numb feet + hands, tremor, blindness
  • Liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer, death
71
Q

Social impact of alchohol misuse

A
  • Aggressive/ criminal behaviour-criminal record
  • Stay home to hide poblems - social isolation
  • Relationships break down - no support system
72
Q

Psychological impact of alchohol misuse

A
  • Brain damage causing proplems with memory and information processing
  • Shame + guilt
  • Low self esteem + self loathing
  • Anger
  • Touchy/irritable
  • Explosive violent outbursts
  • Anxiety
  • Loss of trust, clinical paranoia
  • Depression
  • Suicidal thoughts
73
Q

Illegal drug use effect on physical health and well being

A

*Cardiovascular problems
*Stroke
*Respiratory issues
*HIV/AIDS
*Disease contraception eg. hepatises B & C
*Cancer

74
Q

Illegal drug use effect on social health and well being

A

*Difficulty with relationships causes isolation
*Financial issues causes no money to socialise with others
*Work attendance/performance level is low
*Lack of interests of social activities
*Not spending time with family and friends

75
Q

Illegal drug use effect on Psychological health and well being

A

*Guilt
*Low self-esteem
*Reduced emotional control
*Dramatic mood swings
*Anxiety
*Reduced concentration and attention span
*Forgetfulness
*Poor judgement

76
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The World Health Organisation defined health promotion as: The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health
* Can be large scale campaigns aimed at everyone in the country, using media e.g. television, radio, websites, posters and leaflets or smaller scale activities like healthy eating week in schools or workplace.
* The Public Health Agency is responsible for large scale health promotion in Northern Ireland

77
Q

5 Approaches to health promotion

A
  1. The medical approach
  2. The social change approach
  3. The educational approach
  4. The behaviour change approach
  5. The fear arousal approach
78
Q

What is the medical approach?

A
  • Sometimes referred to as the preventative approach as it aims to prevent ill health.
  • It focuses on preventative measures such as screening and immunisation and on the role of health professionals in promoting health
79
Q

3 Strengths of medical approach

A
  • They are convincing to the public as they are based on medically sound scientific evidence and research
  • Expert led by doctors and other medical workers who people feel they can trust
  • Has a history of success – e.g. the smallpox and measles vaccination programme practically eradicated these diseases in the UK
80
Q

3 Weaknesses of medical approach

A
  • People may be put off immunisations because they fear the side effects e.g. some believed the MMR vaccination was linked to developing autism
  • It ignores the holistic person by focusing on physical aspects of health rather than overall wellbeing e.g. the psychological aspects like self esteem
  • It reinforces ‘medicalisation’ of life- screenings and jabs are seen as only answer to health issues rather than lifestyle choices, encouraging dependency on medical profession rather than individuals taking responsibility for their own health
81
Q

What is the social change approach?

A

It acknowledges the importance of socio-economic conditions such as social class as factors that influence health.
It recognises the responsibility of government to take lead in tackling health inequalities and is a top down approach with policy makers and health planners taking the lead.

82
Q

5 Strengths of the social change approach

A
  • People do not have to make decisions for themselves as this approach sets out clear rules and regulations
  • It makes it easier to challenge the damaging behaviour e.g. smoking ban
  • Usually reaches a large audience
  • Sometimes making people change their behaviour will also change their attitude
  • Acknowledges the impact of socio-economic detriments on health behaviour e.g. working class people are more likely to smoke so this approach recognises the government has a responsibility to take action
83
Q

3 Weaknesses of the social change approach

A
  • People may be unhappy about the decisions
  • People dislike being told what to do – resent the ‘nanny state’
  • Requires multiple organisations and a large scale and usually expensive approach to be effective
84
Q

What is the educational approach?

A

Aims to enhance knowledge and provide information to allow informed choices to be made about an individual’s health behaviour.
This can take the form of information sessions e.g. talks in schools or through informative literature e.g. leaflets.

85
Q

6 Strengths of the educational approach

A
  • Helps people understand decisions instead of just telling them to do something
  • Educational talks can be delivered to large groups at once
  • Can be time constrained e.g. health promotion workshop running in school for a week
  • People feel they are being giving a choice as information is given not imposed
  • Leaflets and booklets can be given to target groups so they can reread them after workshop is over
  • Works well with groups who are used to information being delivered this way e.g. school
86
Q

4 Weaknesses of the educational approach

A
  • It assumes the target audience can read the resources, so those who can’t will be unable to be reached
  • Statistics can be confusing for some people and not respond well, dismissing the information
  • It’s difficult to know if the audience actually learned the information as even if they were listening they may never think about it again
  • People may dislike being lectured and choose not to engage with the material
87
Q

What is the behaviour change approach?

A

Aims to encourage people to adopt healthier behaviour to improve their health.
It focuses on what people can actually do to improve rather than explaining the statistics in great detail.
For example, telling people ‘Go walking’ or ‘Eat 5-a-day’

88
Q

4 Strengths of the behaviour change approach

A
  • Encourages personal change in a simple form
  • It regards health as the property of the individual and provides guidance on how they can personally act upon this healthy change
  • It appeals to the ‘adult’ in people as they feel they are taking responsibility for their own health
  • Provides just enough information to encourage sensible lifestyle choices with short memorable phrases e.g ‘Eat 5 a day’
89
Q

3 Weaknesses of the behaviour change approach

A
  • People may find it difficult to change their behaviour e.g hard to break old habits if even they have good intentions
  • People are susceptible to many other factors influencing their lifestyle e.g they may be aware of how they can make a change but not act upon it
  • Some may dislike being told what to do and dismiss advertisements that have instructions such as ‘Go walking’
90
Q

What is the fear arousal approach?

A

Attempts to gain the attention of the target audience by frightening them with images or statistics in an effort to get them to alter their behaviour.
For example: Anti-smoking campaign contains images of clogged arteries etc.

91
Q

5 Strengths of the fear arousal approach

A
  • People tend to take notice of shocking images – more likely to change behaviour
  • Graphic images allow people to fully understand the consequences of unhealthy lifestyle choices
  • The images are more memorable than a talk and can have a lasting effect
  • Encourages people to discuss the issues and makes them more likely to think about it more often
  • It successfully scares people into taking action e.g. images of rotted/missing teeth in children encourage parents to withhold sugary drinks
92
Q

5 Weaknesses of the fear arousal approach

A
  • People may dismiss the message as they think it would never happen to them – shock wears off after seeing the image a few times
  • Can cause annoyance for some people e.g. if they had a family member die from an issue that is being graphically displayed
  • Individuals may feel they are being manipulated and may resist as they decide they are not going to be persuaded by the government propaganda
  • It can have different effects on different people – may be long lasting for some but others may forget about it
  • Some media for portraying visual images can be very expensive to make and run
93
Q

How individuals can take responsibility for their own health and well being through:
* Lifestyle choices

A
  • Choose to eat a healthy, balanced diet based on the eatwell guide including 5 portions of fruit and veg a day
  • Can take regular exercise by going walking or swimming, ensuring that they meet their targets for their age
  • Limit alchohol intake, ensuring it’s within government’s recommended units per week and avoid binge drinking
  • Avoid using illegal drugs
  • Avoid smoking tobacco and passive smoking
94
Q

How individuals can take responsibility for their own health and well being through:
* Accessing health and social care services

A
  • Make use of available health and social care services e.g attend regular checkups
  • Take up invitations for screening e.g for breast cancer in women over 50
  • Make GP appointmnet before a health condition detereorates too much e.g see their Gp about a chest infection
  • Take up opportunities for health checks at work or through voluntary organisations e.g blood pressure checks conducted by an ocupational nurse or breast screening offered by a cancer charity
  • MAke use of a local day centre e.g for older people or for those with mental health problems
95
Q

How individuals can take responsibility for their own health and well being through:
* Self advocacy

self advocacy - speaking up for oneself

A
  • Asking a GP for a referral to a specialist e.g gynacologist or neurologist
  • Asking a hospiatl doctor for a second opinion e.g referral to another specialist in the same field
  • Researching one’s own condition and possible treatments in libraries or the internet and requesting the most up to date treatment e.g finding out about a new drug for their condition and asking the Gp to perscribe it
96
Q

What is The World Health Organisation (WHO)?

A

An international organisation attached to the United Nations and is concerned with public health on a global scale. This organisation provides advice, guidance and practical support on health for countries all over the world.

97
Q

How does WHO contribute to health and well-being?

A
  • Combats disease accross the world by organising vaccination programmes and trialling new vaccines e.g. for malaria and ebola
  • Provides statistics on the spread of disease accross the world e.g. AIDS, ebola and the zika virus
  • Co-ordinates health promotion activities globally e.g. to combat obesity, discourage tabacco consumption etc
  • Conducts or funds research to share with governments accross the world e.g. benefits of breastfeeding
  • Provides advice to travellers e.g. on what vaccinatins are advised for travel to different countries
  • Provides information on health risks globally e.g. on risk of SARs and how to avoid it
  • Makes reccomendations worldwide about health behaviour e.g. one WHO report reccomended that sugar be no more than 10% of a healthy diet
  • Co-ordinates emergency response to disasters or outbreaks of disease e.g. where there are major health risks following earthquakes
98
Q

How do statutory organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* Department of Health (DOH)

A
  • introduces policy and stratagy relevant to health and social wellbeing
  • monitors the health of the population of NI by looking at trends of disease
  • plans service provision accross NI to meet populations needs
  • develops appropiate spending plans for delivery of health and social care services NI
  • introduces laws to promote health and wellbeing
  • sets targets for health and social care services in NI e.g. waiting times in A&E
99
Q

How do statutory organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* Public Health Agency (PHA)

A
  • involved in health promotion
  • provide info through news bulletins e.g. on website on up to date issues relevant to health of people in NI
  • provides statistics on the incidence of disease for health professionals
  • supports research about health in NI
  • produces leaflets relevant to health and social care workforce
  • publishes books e.g. pregnancy book
  • informs public about health and care services
100
Q

How do statutory organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* Health and Social Care Trusts (HSCT)

A
  • provide hospital services to local community
  • provide primary healthcare services e.g midwife, GP
  • provide day care services e.g for individuals with learning diabilities
  • provide residential homes e.g children’s homes
  • provide support for older people to live in their own home
  • provide social services support for vulnerable people
101
Q

Give examples of volunatry organisations

A
  • Marie curie
  • Age NI
  • Northern ireland chest
  • Heart and stroke
  • Praxis
  • Childline
  • Simon Community
  • Mencap
102
Q

How do volunatry organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI

A
  • provide care services e.g. respite for parents or day centres for older people
  • source of education e.g. help adults with learning diabilities
  • provide information and advice e.g. about benefit entitlement
  • provide advocacy e.g. support an individual to access appropiate health care
  • provide support with day to day living e.g. run a befriending scheme
  • Raise awareness of the needs of people with learning disabilities e.g. run a campaign to encourage anti-discriminatory practice
  • provide transport e.g. to hospital appointments
  • provide screening services
  • provide emotional support
  • provide accomodation
  • provide opportunities for social activities
103
Q

Give examples of private or commercial orgnaisations

A
  • Pharmacies
  • Drug companies
  • Holistic therapists private practitioners
  • private nursing omes
  • Home care providers
104
Q

How do private/commercial organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* Pharmacy

A
  • provide treatments e.g. a range of medicenes that people can buy over the counter like pain killers
  • sell products relevant to health and wellbeing e.g. vitamin supliments
  • advise individuals on health issues by having pharmacists or even doctors available for consultation in person or online
  • measure health indicators e.g blood pressure or blood sugar
  • provide tests for infections. e.g. some provide free tests for chlamydia
  • run health promotion campaigns and activities e.g. smoking cessation support
105
Q

How do private/commercial organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* A drug company

A
  • conducts research on new drug treatments e.g. trials and tests new drugs, monitoring their efficiency and side effects
  • produces/manufactures drugs that can help people with a range of medical conditions
  • provides information for doctors on the safe suse of the drugs and warns about side effects
106
Q

How do private/commercial organisations contribute to health and well-being in NI
* An alternative practitioner

A
  • provides treatments that can help people manage chronic conditions e.g. back pain
  • provides treatments that compliment conventional medical treatments e.g drugs
  • advises individuals on managing their condition e.g. through lifestyle choices
  • provides treatments that are usually not available in the statuatory sector e.g. chiropractic treatment, massages, accupuncture
107
Q

Define prejudice

A

prejudice is an attitude, usually negative which is based on ignorance and stereotypes e.g. believing older people are less intelligent than young people

108
Q

Define discrimination

A

Discrimination is treating people unfairly because of their race, beliefs, gender, mental illness, sexuality or physical or learning disability

109
Q

Examples of discrimination based on
* race/ethnicity

A
  • verbal abuse - use of inappropiate racial terms e.g. gypsy rather than part of travelling community
  • failing to challange discriminatory remarks by others e.g. staff in day centre failing to say anything to service user who makes racist remarks to or about others
  • managers selecting resources that don’t reflect different cultures e.g. books in early years setting only hsving white people or nuclear families
110
Q

Examples of discrimination based on
* beliefs/religion

A
  • failing in residential care home to ask a service user from a minority religion about dietary requirements linked to their faith whilst catering for main religious groups e.g. having fisj on friday for catholics but not kosher for jewish residents
  • failing to ask SU’s from minority religions about spiritual needs or religious practices in a hospital whilst providing providing facilities and organising pastoral visits for more common religious groups
  • verbal abuse of a SU from a minority religion e.g. from staff member in nursing home
  • failure to challange discriminatory remarks by others
    managers selecting resources that don’t reflect different cultures e.g. books not having any muslim families as shown by dress of characters in early years settings
111
Q

Examples of discrimination based on
* gender/ sexuality

A
  • staff making assumptions based on stereotypical views of gender about what male and female service users want to do in a day centre
  • staff making inappropiate comments with reference to gender in a mental health centre
  • managers selecting resources that don’t reflect gender equality e.g. jigsaws in early years settings only shows males and females in stereotypical roles
  • failing to challange discriminatory remarks by others e.g. staff in a day centre failing to say anything to SU who has made sexist remarks to or about others
112
Q

Examples of discrimination based on
* learning disability/cognitive ability

A
  • doctor/nurse failing to use language that the patient can understand when explaining their condition or treatment
  • failing to offer the opportunity for an advocate such as parent or social care worker to attend if individual would struggle in self-advocacy
  • failing to challenge discriminatory behaviour by other patients e.g. name calling
  • deliberately ignoring, isolating or neglecting a patient because they have a learning diability e.g. not responding to noises/ calls for help
113
Q

Examples of discrimination based on
* physical disability

A
  • staff failing to provide info in a suitable format to service user or their parents with a visual impairement or other sensory disabilities e.g. sending home with aftercare leaflet that they can’t read due to small print
  • deliberately ignoring, isolating, or neglecting a patient because they have a disability e.g. care worker in day centre not bothering to talk to service user who has hearing impairment as he is difficult to understand
114
Q

Define antidiscriminatory practice

A

What staff in health and social care and early years settings do to promote equality based on beliefs, race, gender, disbaility, cognitive ability, mental health and sexuality. This is good practice but its a very specific type of good practice

115
Q

Examples of anti-discriminatory practice based on
* mental health

A
  • staff taking into account service users mental health in all their intercations with them e.g. doctor taking extra time to explain operation to patient with anxiety
  • staff using appropiate language about mental illness and challanging other staff or service users who use inappropiate language e.g. in a day centre
  • staff including all service users in activities no matter what their mental health status and putting this into practice in their work place
  • advocating or encouraging advocacy for a serivce user with mental health issues
116
Q

Examples of anti-discriminatory practice based on
* race

A
  • staff providing activities that acknowledge the range of cultures and religious of SUs of different races in the daily life of a residential care home
  • staff using appropiate racial terms and challanging other staff or SUs who use inappropiate racial terms - this can range from a gentle reminder to reporting for deliberate racism
  • providing resources to promote racial inclusivity e.g. the staff in an early years settings purchasing books and toys reflecting different races
  • making provision for service users whose first language is not english
  • staff putting into practice the training in policies they have received relevant to anti-discriminatory practice e.g. using whistleblowing policy to report racial discrimination by other staff towards a SU
117
Q

Potential impacts of discriminatory practice on health and well-being
* physical

anti-discriminatory practice will have the opposite effect

A
  • SUs condition may detereorate
  • SU may lose their appetite, feel too upset to eat
  • Upset stomach due to anxiety - drop in weight
  • develop problems with sleeping - lying awake worrying
  • physically self harm - alcohol/drug abuse, cut themselves
118
Q

Potential impacts of discriminatory practice on health and well-being
* social

anti-discriminatory has opposite effect

A
  • experience social isolation
  • lack opportunities to meet people, make friends and build relationships
  • service users being ostracised by staff/ other SUs (left alone)
119
Q

Potential impacts of discriminatory practice on health and well-being
* emotional

anti-discriminatory has opposite effect

A
  • low self esteem
  • negative self concept or poor self image
  • depression
  • suicidal
  • feel unloved/uncared for
  • feel scared/unsafe/insecure
  • regularly feel upset/angry
  • stress
  • experience lack of autonomy
  • where service user already has a mental illness it may detereoate
120
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - complaints

A
  • have a complaints policy in place to encourage service users to complain when they feel they have been treated unfairly on the basis of their race, beliefs, gender, disability, conflictive ability, mental health or sexuality
  • this policy makes it clear to service users that they have a right to complain and the manager can ensure they are aware that the policy exists
  • the policy sets out how to complain and how complaints are dealt with ~ when complaints are made by service users managers should investigate and inform service user of the out come asap
121
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - complaints

A
  • have a complaints policy in place to encourage service users to complain when they feel they have been treated unfairly on the basis of their race, beliefs, gender, disability, conflictive ability, mental health or sexuality
  • this policy makes it clear to service users that they have a right to complain and the manager can ensure they are aware that the policy exists
  • the policy sets out how to complain and how complaints are dealt with ~ when complaints are made by service users managers should investigate and inform service user of the out come asap
122
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - whistle-blowing

A

-encourages staff to report anti-discriminatory practice by other staff
- encourages staff to use the whistleblowing procedures to report others who engage in discriminatory practices so it can be eliminated
- policy sets out how to report incidents and should be investigated promptly
- manger use disciplinary procedures to deal with staff who have engaged in discriminatory practice

123
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - practices such as training/supervising

A

-manager make training in anti-discriminatory practice a key slower of staff induction for new members to understand the importance
-inductions should promote the values of care with a clear focus on anti-discriminatory practice
- organise ongoing staff training in ADP (anti-discriminatory practice) eg. Keeping up to date on legislation and awareness off equal opportunities policies and procedures in workplace
- staff discussions
-learning disabilities training - makaton
- staff training policy that Requires all staff to engage in both initial training and updates and ADP

124
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - Setting examples in their own practice

A
  • The manager should never ignore discrimination and the certain whether it is by staff or service user
    -The manager should speak to staff who engage in discriminatory practice to explain what they are doing wrong, and Should use disciplinary procedures to deal with a member of staff, where appropriate, this can involve verbal and written warnings
  • The manager could report staff to professional bodies when serious incidents occur, for example, nurses who engage in disciplinary behaviour can be reported to nursing and midwifery Council Which can also discipline them or even strike them off the register and can no longer practice
  • If service users behave, inappropriately e.g. using racist language. The manager also has a responsibility to challenge their behaviour. Where this is unintentional, for example, on wittingly using inappropriate language that Mother can explain what is more appropriate and where it is deliberate and malicious, for example, bullying , by name calling, the manager can be more strident, Making it clear discrimination will not be tolerated in the setting
125
Q

How managers can promote anti-discriminatory practice in health, social care and early years setting - Setting a good example by their own practice

A
  • Managers can behave in ways that promote antidiscriminatory practice, for example, using appropriate language and communication strategies to with patients Arranging for interpreters if necessary and provide an information and suitable formats for service users who have sensory disabilities

health and social care (2 decks)

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