AS Chemistry: Unit 1, Module 5, Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
Naturally occurring
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Organic chemistry
Chemistry of compounds containing carbon
Synthetic
Plastics, medicines, dyes
Bonds on a carbon
4
Bonds on hydrogen
1
Bonds on oxygen
2
Bonds on nitrogen
3
Bonds on halogens
1
Aliphatic compounds
Open chain of carbon atoms
Alycyclic compounds
Closed ring of carbon atoms
Aromatic compound
Closed ring of carbon atom that contains a benzene ring
Hydrocarbons
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only
What bonds do Alkanes have?
Carbon to Carbon single bonds only
What does saturated mean
Contains only carbon to carbon single bonds
What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Methane
CH₄
Ethane
C₂H₆
Propane
C₃H₈
Butane
C₄H₁₀
Pentane
C₅H₁₂
Hexane
C₆H₁₄
Alkyle group of Methane (name and formula)
Methyl CH₃
Alkyle group of Ethane (name and formula)
Ethyl C₂H₅
Alkyle group of Propane (name and formula)
Prophyl C₃H₇
Alkyle group of Butane (name and formula)
Buthyl C₄H₉
Alkyle group of Pentane (name and formula)
Penthyl C₅H₁₁
Alkyle group of Hexane (name and formula)
Hexhyl C₆H₁₃
Homologous series
A family of molecules which all contain the same functional group, but an increasing number of carbon atoms. They have the same chemical properties and a graduation in physical properties.
Empirical formula
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
Structural formula
Shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form. (no bonds shown).
Displayed formula
Shows how the atoms are arranged in space (every atom and bond is shown).
Skeletal formula
Shows the carbon skeleton only, at every bend is a carbon atom with the correct number of hydrogen atoms.
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, cause them to have similar chemical properties.
what is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What is the suffix of an alkane?
-ane
What is the functional group for alkanes?
It does not have one.
Why do alkanes not have a functional group?
They are the parent hydrocarbon.
An example of an alkane.
Ethane C₂H₆
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the suffix of an alkene?
-ene
What is the functional group of an alkene?
Carbon double bond. (C=C)
An example of an alkene.
Ethene C₂H₄
What is the general formula for haloalkanes?
CnH2n+1X (X=Halogen)
What is the prefix of an haloalkane?
Halo-
What is the functional group of a haloalkane?
A halogen atom (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
An example of a haloalkane.
Chloroethane CH₃CH₂Cl
What are the 2 types of isomerism?
Structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.
Structural isomerism.
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but with a different structural formula.
What are the 3 types of structural isomerism?
Chain,
Position,
functional group.
When does chain isomerism occur?
When there is two or more ways of arranging the carbon skeleton of a molecule.
How many isomers are there if there is only 1 carbon atom?
1
How many isomers are there if there is only 2 carbon atom?
1
How many isomers are there if there is only 3 carbon atom?
1
How many isomers are there if there is only 4 carbon atom?
2
How many isomers are there if there is only 5 carbon atom?
3
How many isomers are there if there is only 6 carbon atom?
5
What is position isomerism?
When the molecule has the same carbon skeleton and the same functional group, but the functional group is joined at different places on the carbon skeleton.
What is functional group isomerism?
When the molecule has a different functional group and therefore has different chemical properties.
