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Biology > AS Cell Structure and Division > Flashcards

AS Cell Structure and Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organelles present in both animal and plant cells and the 3 organelles only present in plant cells

A

Both:

  • Cell surface (plasma) membrane
  • Nucleus
  • RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • SER - smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi vesicles
  • Mitochondria

Plant cells only:

  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall with plasmodesmata
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2
Q

Describe the structure of algal and fungal cells compared to plant cells

A

Algal cells:
- Same organelles as plant cells
Fungal cells:
- Cell walls made of chitin (not cellulose)
- Don’t have chloroplasts (don’t photosynthesise)

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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell-surface membrane

A

Structure:
- Found on surface of animal cells and inside the cell wall of other cells
- Mainly made of lipids and proteins
Function:
- Regulates movement of substances in and out cell
- Has receptor molecules - respond to chemicals

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

Structure:
- Surrounded by nuclear envelope - contains pores
- Contains chromosomes made from protein-bound linear DNA
- Contains nucleolus
Function:
- Controls cell activities - controlling transcription of DNA
- DNA contains instructions to make proteins
- Pores allow substances (RNA) to move in and out
- Nucleolus makes ribosomes

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5
Q

Describe the structure and function of mitochondria

A

Structure:
- Double membrane - inner one folds to form cristae
- Contains matrix - has enzymes for respiration
Function:
- Site of aerobic respiration - ATP produced
- Found in active cells - require lots of energy

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts

A

Structure:
- Flattened structure in plant and algal cells
- Double membrane - contains thylakoid membranes
- These stack up into grana - linked together by lamellae
Function:
- Site of photosynthesis
- Some occurs in grana and some in stroma

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A 
Structure:
- Fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs
- Vesicles next to apparatus
Function:
- Processes and packages new lipids
- Makes lysosomes
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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi vesicles

A

Structure:
- Fluid-filled sac in cytoplasm
- Produced by Golgi apparatus
Function:
- Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus
- Transports them out of cell via plasma membrane

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of lysosomes

A 
Structure:
- Round, surrounded by membrane 
- No internal structure
- Type of Golgi vesicle
Function:
- Contains digestive enzymes - lysozymes
- These digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell
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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A 
Structure: 
- Very small - no surrounding membrane 
- Free floats in cytoplasm or attached to RER
- Made up of proteins and RNA 
Function:
- Site of protein synthesis
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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Structure:
- System of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space
- Surface covered with ribosomes
Function:
- Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A 
Structure:
- System of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space 
- No ribosomes
Function:
- Synthesises and processes lipids
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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall

A

Structure:
- Rigid structure surrounding plant, algal and fungal cells
- Plants and algae - made mostly of cellulose
- Fungi - made of chitin
Function:
- Supports cells - stops them changing shape

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of the vacuole

A

Structure:
- Found in cytoplasm of plant cells
- Contains cell sap - solution of sugars and salts
- Surrounding membrane - tonoplast
Function:
- Maintains pressure and keeps cell rigid
- Stops plant wilting
- Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

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15
Q

Explain why the structure of specialised cells may vary in different parts of the body

A
  • Specialised cells carry out specific functions
  • Cell structure helps it carry out its function
  • If a cell requires lots of energy, it will need more mitochondria. If it requires lots of proteins, it will need more ribosomes
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16
Q

How are specialised cells organised?

A
  • Specialised cells grouped together - form tissues
  • Tissue - group of cells working together to perform a particular function
  • Different tissues work together - form organs
  • Different organs make up organ system
17
Q

Name the organelles present in prokaryotic cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes (smaller than in eukaryotes)
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmids
  • Circular DNA
  • Flagellum
  • Capsule (some prokaryotes e.g. bacteria)
18
Q

Describe the structure and function of the flagellum

A

Structure:
- Long, hair-like structure
Function:
- Rotates to make the cell move

Not all prokaryotes have them - some have more than one

19
Q

Describe the structure of circular DNA

A

Structure:

  • No nucleus - DNA free floats in cytoplasm
  • One long coiled-up strand
  • Not attached to any histone proteins
20
Q

Describe the structure and function of plasmids

A

Structure:
- Small loops of DNA
Function:
- Contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance - can be passed between prokaryotes

Not always present in prokaryotic cells - some have several

21
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall

A

Structure:
- Made of a polymer called murein (a glycoprotein)
Function:
- Supports cell and prevents it from changing shape

22
Q

Describe the structure and function of the capsule

A

Structure:
- Made up of secreted slime
Function:
- Helps protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of viruses

A

Structure:

  • Smaller than bacteria - (HIV about 0.1um across)
  • No plasma membrane, cytoplasm or ribosomes
  • Contain core of genetic material - DNA or RNA
  • Capsid - protein coat around core
  • Attachment proteins stick out from capsid - let virus cling on to host cell

All viruses invade and reproduce inside host cells

24
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A

Cell replicates genetic material before splitting into 2 daughter cells

  • Circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  • Cells expands - DNA loops move to opposite poles
  • Cytoplasm begins to divide - new cell wall forms
  • Cytoplasm divides - 2 daughter cells produced - each with one copy of circular DNA and variable plasmids
25
Q

How do viruses use host cells to replicate

A
  • Attachment proteins bind to complementary receptor proteins on host cell surface
  • Inject their DNA or RNA into host cell
  • Use cell’s ribosomes, enzymes etc. to replicate the viral parts

Biology (18 decks)

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