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a level biology > As Biology > Flashcards

As Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

SER

RER

A
  • Makes lipids/steroid

- Makes/transports protein

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2
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of flattened sacks (cisternae)
Modifies+packages protein into vesicles
Makes lysosomes/glycoproteins/gylocolipids

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3
Q

Lysosome

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

Breakdown unwanted substances

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4
Q

Centriole
Centrosome
Microtubule

A

Made of 9 triplets of microtubules
Organises spindle fibre during cell division
Made of a-tubulin+b-tubulin-form dimers-joined into 13 protofilaments (supports cell. Spindle separates chromatids. Involved in beating movement of cilia/flagella)

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5
Q

Microvilli

Cilia

A

Cell membrane projections that increase surfae area for absorption
Hair like projections made of microtubules. Allows movement of substances across cell surface (mantains flow of mucus to remove debris)
Has 2 central microtubules+ring of 9 microtubules doublets made of A+B microtubule. A microtubules have inner and outer arms made of dynein.

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6
Q

Lock and key hypothesis

A

Active site+substrate fit exactly and are complementary

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7
Q

Induced fit hypothesis

A

Not exactly complementary and not exact fit. Changes shape slightly.

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8
Q

Inmobilised enzymes

A

No enzymes in product
More tolerant to changes in temperature and pH
Reused

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9
Q

Denature

A

Bonds break
Tertiary structure changes
No longer complementary
Cannot bind

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10
Q

Cell signalling

A 
Stimulis
Ligand is secreted
Binds to receptor
Transduction
Signalling cascade-G protein,second messenger
Enzymes
Signal amplification
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11
Q

Mitosis uses

A

Asexual reproduction
Repair of tissue
Replacement of cells
Growth of multicellular organisms

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12
Q

Base pairing

A

A=T/U
C=_G
Purines(A/G)=2 rings
Pyrimidines(C/T/U)=1 ring

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13
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance that comes from living organism capable of killing/inhibitibg the growth of a microorganism

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14
Q

Genetic code

A

Triplet code
Universal
Punctuations
Degenerated

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15
Q

Source

Sink

A

Green leaves/Storage organs/food stores in seeds

Roots/Fruit

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Pathogen invades
Cells release chemicals (histamine)
Attracts neutrophils (chemotaxis)
Receptors in neutrophils bind to antibody in pathogen
Endocytosis (neutrophil cell surface membrane engulfs pahogen+traps it in phagocytic vacuole.
Lysosomes kill+gigest

17
Q

Antibody

A

Glycoprotein made by specialised lymphocytes in responce to the presence of a specific antigen
Each antibody has a shape complementary to its specific antigen

18
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that is foreign to the body and stimulates an immune response

19
Q

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

A

Bulk movement of liquids/solids into a cell by the infolding of the cell surface membrane to from vesiles (ATP)
Bulk movement of liquids/solids out of a cell by fusing of vesicles with cell surface membrane (ATP)

19
Q

Rate at which substances diffuse

A

Temperature
sa:volume
nature of molecules
steepness of concentration gradient

20
Q

Bohr shift

A

CO2+H2O= H2CO3 (carbonic acid) using carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates-H+HCO3-(Hydrogen carbonate ions)
H+makes blood more acidic (lower pH)
Haemoglobin combines with H+ to form HHb(heamoglobinic acid)
Affinity is reduced
O2 is released

21
Q

Chloride shift

A

Hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cell into plasma
To balance this, Cl- move into red blood cell
This prevents cell from becoming too +

22
Q

Enzyme definition

A

Globular protein that acts as a biological catalyst

23
Q

V max

A

The maximum rate of an enzyme controlled reaction in which all active sites are occupied

24
Q

Km

A

Substrate concentration at half v max. Higher Km=lower affinity (strength of attraction)

25
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Water diffuses out of cell. Protoplast separates from cell wall

26
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecule:
polysaccharides
proteins
nucleic acids

27
Q

Monomer

Polymer

A
  • Simple molecule used as basic building blocks for synthesis of a plolymer. Joins by covalent bonding: monosaccharide/amino acids/nuclotides
  • polymer: macromolecule

a level biology (5 decks)

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