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A level Biology > A level Biology > Flashcards

A level Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Calvin cycle

A

CO2 (fixed because it has been removed from environment and become part of cell)+RuBP=GP (rubisco)
2 ATP+2 H from NADPH=reduce GP to TP
5/6 TP+ATP regenerates RuBP
1/6 TP=starch/cellulose/amino acids

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2
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of ecosystems and habitats
number of different species and abundance
Genetic variation within each species

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

Self-contained interacting community of organisms and the environment in which they live and interact

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4
Q

Kingdom Protocista

A

Single celled/group of similar cells

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5
Q

Kingdom fungi

A 
Eukaryotic
No photosynthesis (no chlorophyll)
cell walls made of chitin (no cellulose)
Heterotrophic nutrition (uses organic compounds made by other organsims as their source of energy)
Reproduce by spores
No cilia
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6
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A 
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic nutrition
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7
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A 
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic nutrition
Speciliased cells
No cell wall
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8
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Presence of 2 genes on the same autosome so that they are inherited together
(2 genes on the same chromosome)

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9
Q

Epistasis

A

1 gene affects the expression of another gene

Interaction of 2 genes at different loci

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10
Q

Gene expression

A

Regulatory gene-Promoter/operator/lacZ/lacY/lacA
lacZ=B-galactosidaes
lacY=permease
lacA=transacetylase

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11
Q

Regulatory gene

A

Gene that codes for protein that helps control gene expression of other genes

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12
Q

Structural gene

A

Gene that codes for protein that has a function within the a cell+used by the cell

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13
Q

Ethanol fermentation

A

Glucose-Pyruvate
Decarboxylated to ethanal
Reduced to ethanol
Using enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

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14
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Glucose-Pyruvate
Reduced to lactate
Using enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Chloroplast pigments

A

Act as accessory pigments

Pass light energy to chlorophyll a

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16
Q

NADH

A

Coenzyme
Transports H
Allows reactions to become dehydrogenated

17
Q

Seed germination

A 
Seed absorbs water
Giberellins are made by embryo+diffuse to the aleurone layer
Synthesises amylase
Hydrolyses starch to maltose
Broken down to glucose
18
Q

Gene control giberellins

A

No giberellins=DELLA protein cannot be broken down
PIF cannot bind to promoter
Amylase is not made

Le makes gibberellins
lele codes for non-functional enzyme(threonin) so no gibberellins are made)

19
Q

Process of evolution by natural selection

A

A species shows genetic variation
Random mutation makes them fitter/better adapted to survive
They reproduce
Pass on advantegous alleles-increase allele frequency

20
Q

Process of evolution by natural selection

A

A species shows genetic variation
Random mutation makes them fitter/better adapted to survive
They reproduce
Pass on advantegous alleles-increase allele frequency

21
Q

DNA replication

A

Strands unwind
DNA polymerase attaches
Copies leading strand (5-3)
Copies lagging strand in small fragments
DNA ligase connects new nucleotides with phosphodiester backbone
Semi-conservative replication=New DNA has 1 new strand+1 old strand

22
Q

Transcription

A 
RNA polymerase attaches
DNA unwinds
Template strand is copied
Non-transcribed strand is not copied
RNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to growing mRNA with phosphodiester bond
STOP message
mRNA is released
23
Q

Translation

A 
tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome
Anticodon of tRNA binds to codon of mRNA
Second tRNA enters
2 amino acids form peptide bond
First tRNA leaves+another tRNA joins
STOP message
Polypeptide chain leaves ribosome
24
Q

Explain why the offsprings dont present a 1:1:1:1 ratio

A

Some genes are inherited together (autosomal linkage)´
No random assortment
Recombinants due to crossing over

25
Q

Genetic basis for continous variation

A

Polygenes
Different genes have an additive effect
Different alleles on different gene locus have small effects

26
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Large database
Fast/efficient/accurate
Uses computer software

27
Q

Social/ethical considerations of DNA analysis

A 
Not available for everyone
Can decide on whether to have children or not
Early treatment
Change lifestyle
Can cause stress/anxiety
Can affect jobs
28
Q

Why ATP is a suitable universl energy currency

A 
Water soluble
Easily transported around cell
ATP loses phosphate group
Stable molecule
Releases energy immediately
Can be regenerated
29
Q

Location of :

  • Light dependent stage
  • Light independent stage
A
  • thylakoid

- stroma

30
Q

TYR (melanin)

A

Tyrosinase breaks down tyrosine-DOPA-dopaquinone-melanin

A level Biology (5 decks)

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