Articles

Question 1

What are framing fallacies?

Answer 1

What is framing and what is not

Question 2

To what to framing effects refer?

Answer 2

To communication effects that are not due to differences in WHAT issuing communicated, but rather to variations how a given piece of information issuing presented in public discourse

Question 3

To which two largely unrelated traditions of thinking is framing research traced back to?

Answer 3

• Research by psychologists Tversky and Kahneman in which the term “framing” was used to describe subtle differences in the definition of choice alternatives
• This perspective is dependent on the assumption that ‘perception is reference dependent’. So, how we interpret information differs depending on how information is contextualized and framed

Question 4

On which two assumptions are the psychological approaches to framing based on?

Answer 4

• Framing refers to differential modes of presentation for the exact same piece of information –> This is equivalence framing.
• Complete suppression of ambiguity in conscious perception. In other words, participants interpret the stimulus in line with the context in which it is framed in the particular experimental if framed in an alternative way. –> Emphasis framing

Question 5

How do Gamson and Modigliani define framing?

Answer 5

A central organizing idea or story

Question 6

What is the loose definition of framing?

Answer 6

Information that conveys differing perspectives on some event or issue

Question 7

What is the definition of framing?

Answer 7

The observed framing effects represent differences in opinion that cannot be attributed exclusively to differences in presentation

Question 8

What is agenda setting?

Answer 8

The transfer of salience from mass media to audiences. If a particular issue is covered more frequently or prominently in news outlets, audiences are also more likely to attribute importance to the issue.

Question 9

What is priming?

Answer 9

The process that occurs after a construct is presented as highly salient to audiences.

Question 10

What kind of effect are agenda setting and priming?

Answer 10

Accessibility-based effect.

Media coverage can influence perspectives of salience among lay audiences.

Increase salience means that relevant nodes in the minds of audience members get activated, as result these nodes are more accessible and retrievable from memory when we have to make decisions.

Question 11

What kind of effect is framing?

Answer 11

An applicability effect.

Applicability draws on this intellectual transition and assumes that the effects of particular frames are strengthened or weakened, depending on how applicable they are to a particular cognitive schema.

Question 12

What did the study of Bolsen et al. about framing the origins of COVID-19 researched?

Answer 12

The evaluation of the impact of exposure to framed message about the origins of COVID-20.

Question 13

What are the two explanations on the origins of COVID-19 that was researched in the study of Bolsen et al?

Answer 13

• Zoonotic

- Conspiracy theory

Question 14

What is the Zoonotic explanation?

Answer 14

The virus was transmitted ‘naturally’ from bats to humans, possibly from a food market in Wuhan China

Question 15

What was the conspiracy theory explanation?

Answer 15

A conspiracy theory that the virus is human-engineered and leaked deliberately or accidentally from a research laboratory in Wuhan, China.

Question 16

What is a conspiracy theory?

Answer 16

An effort to explain some event or practice by reference to the machinations fo powerful people, who attempt to conceal their role.

Question 17

What is an emphasis framing effect?

Answer 17

Occurs when exposure to a framed message casques people to prioritize the emphasized consideration(s) when forming a belief