Articles Flashcards
Cognitive Control DLPFC and ACC
An article by Agnus MC Donald
hypothesis: dissociation between DLPFC and ACC , more activity in the DLPFC will lead to less Errors in the Stroop task . ( less conflict during the Stroop task)
Findings : Dissociation between DLPFC and ACC . DLPFC more active when planning cognitive control. ACC more active when being affected by Stroop effect interference . Monitoring Errors while naming colours for incongruent words.
Book Chapter Mi
Case with loosing the ego due to a tumor in the Corpus Callossum.
Brain injuries that lead to a loss in cognintive control can lead to
Utilisation: Patients have no control over their direct impulses and have to follow the utilisation of cues they get from their direct surrounding . Hammer and nail- hammering to the wall .
Preservation: Persisting in their behaviour even though they were told that it is wrong . ( no possibility of inhibiting of intended behaviour)
Frontal lobe lesion: Not being able to follow top down processes or to have goal oriented behaviour that is not guided by your impulses or environmental stimuli.
Mindfulness Article
Author : Micah Allen
Cognitive-Affective Neural Plasticity following Active-Controlled Mindfulness Intervention.
hypothesis: MT will increase the BOLD Signal in the during cognitive effortful tasks . Increased activity in the frontoinsula ( emotional awareness ) in reaction towards negative stimuli
Further higher scores in Error Awareness and the more practice adherence the higher the score in the affective Stroop task . Higher resistance towards affective stimuli.
Methods : between subjects design , baseline measurement at the beginning.
MT group : MT practice for 6 weeks in a row 6 weekly two hour meetings .
active control group: Reading Circle
limitations: no passive control group .
EAT : no go trials , concentration and inhibition task, Stop Accuracy and EAT were measured .
Affective Stroop task: counting numbers , interference with fake numbers .
Findings : MT : significantly better on Affective Stroop task and stop accuracy, the more practice the better on affective Stroop task. Also significantly better on Stop Accuracy.
Reading group: better on EAT
Reaction on emotional Stimuli in Infants
Author : Richard J. Davidson
Frontal Asymmetry in processing of emotional stimuli in human infants.
hypothesis : Asymmetry in processing stimuli. Frontal lobe it responsible for processing in particular positive affective stimuli while the right side is responsible for processing especially negative affective stimuli.
method:
10 month old infants were shown videos of an actress making a happy and a sad face while sitting on
their mothers lab.
The EEG activity was measured in the left and right frontal lobe , the infant had to be fixated on the screen ( artefact free epochs ) .
An EEG was also positioned on the parietal lobe - but failed to discriminate the two hemispheres .
An observer that wasn’t able to see the screen did make sure the measurement was only taking place when the infant was fixated on the screen .
limitations: the infant could have modelled from his or her mothers reaction .
findings :
More relative activity on the left frontal lobe was found in reaction toward the positive stimuli.
No Asymmetry was found to negative stimuli.
Conclusion : Asymmetry in processing positive affective stimuli.
Asymmetry in Aggression
Author : Peterson
title : the role of asymmetrical frontal activity in the frontal cortex.
hypothesis:
Aggression exists due to activation of the frontal regions.
Methods: between subjects design
two groups : contraction right and contraction left
Writing an essay about a topic , contraction of the right or left hand with a ball to squeeze.
Receiving negative insulting feedback .
Concentration game where the winner could punish the looser with white noise . Measurement of the volume of the white noise they punished with .
Limitations :
Findings :
Contraction of the right side increased the punishments volume of the white noise for the right sided condition.
They were also finding a stronger connection among the MC and the right DLPFC than with the left DLPFC.
the right sided motivation
Author: Marieke Roskes
The right side ? Time pressure leads to right oriented bias.
hypothesis:
subjects in the approach and high time pressure condition would bisect the line more right biased.
Methods :
between subjects design 2x2 design
separating the group into approach and avoidance motivated individuals through letting them write an essay about either a mouses happiest or worst day . They were further instructed to bisect a line. The bisection of line was done either under time pressure or without time pressure.
Archival research:
Goal keepers rate of jumping to the right side is twice as high under time pressure than it is without time pressure.
Limitations : between subjects design would have been better with within subject design.
Findings :
bisection of the line was right side biased for the high time pressure approach condition.
Reciprocal Fairness
Diminishing Reciprocal by disrupting the right prefrontal Cortex.
Author: Daria Knoch - ein Knochenbruch ist eine unfaire interruption
Looking at the one receiving the offer
hypothesis:
The disruption of the right DLPFC will cause the subjets to act more selfishely and accept more offers.
Method:
a 3x2 design , rTMS left side, rTMS right side , Sham,
playing the Ultimatum game, once against humans once against a computer.
Findings :
The findings of this study support , that the right DLPFC is responsible for implementing fairness goals. Thus with an interruption of the right DLPFC the subjects acted more selfish and accepted even unfair offers . Further they reacted also quicker, which indicates that selfish motives have a bigger power over your actions than fairness motives have.
Archival research: people with right sided prefrontal lesions can not act normatively appropriate can not follow norms and fairness goals.
Areas in the brain for social decision making
Author : Rilling - der Rilling schaut bis in die letzte Rille des brains wenn er ne Entscheidung trifft.
Person making the offer - > the brain of a killer is more interesting than a brain of a victim.
Main brain areas involved in social decision making:
DLPFC:
- more relative activity compared to the Anterior Insula when accepting unfair offers.
- overriding selfish impulses when making fair offers
Anterior Insula:
Has an unfairness scale which also receives information from the skin conductance is more active the more unfair an offer is.
° rejection prediction.
° social conditioning , aversion conditioning
Amygdala: anxiety and stress- unfair offers
Ventral Striatum: active when fair offer was made ( part of the reward system)
OFC : active when subject adapts towards the threat of punishment with making fairer offers.
Oxytocin: if oxytocin is injected the participants are more likely to trust others and therefor make fair offers .
strategic fairness
Be nice if you have to
Author: Sabine Strang
Is the right DLPFC involved in a causal relationship towards the overriding of selfish impulses when needed?
hypothesis. :
There is an causal relationship among the activity of the right DLPFC and the overriding of selfish behaviour and second if the right DLPFC is linked to strategic acquisition that is formed out of those mechanisms when the external pressure demands for it.
Method: Within subjects design . left; right and sham condition
Dictator game with punishment option.
Punishment rule and reaction was recorded beforehand .
Mimicked that they were playing against another person sitting in another room.
10 rounds without punishment option and ten rounds with punishment option.
Limitations :
Findings:
Significantly less was given when the right DLPFC was interrupted . No significant findings for left and Sham.
right DLPFC is also involved in strategic fairness but they could not find really significant results for that.
more overriding impulses than strategic fairness.
Star D trial
Star D trial
Author
- depression is a chronic illness
- best chances to no relapse is on the earliest stages
- the higher the level is the more you likely to relapse and the less you likely to remit.
- a lot of people were dropping out of the therapy.
TMS
Author:
coils perpendicular magnetic field , synapse electric signal
Low frequency : inhibition ,
high frequency : excitation
Depression: inbalance between left and right DLPFC
either exciting the left of inhibiting the right to balance out the motivation again.
rTMS compared to iTBS
hypothesis : it is non inferior to rTMS and is a bit more painful , way more time and money efficient.
iTBS: more current so it goes faster. Stronger magnetic field.
Biotypes
Depression Symptomes general: Anhedonia Fatigue Insomnia Sluggish movement Anxiety bad mood
1 ) frontoinsula and orbitofrontal areas .. oooo die orbitofrontal areas hab ich vergessen…
mainly anhedonia and psychomotor retarding
–> top down control
2) limbic system
Insomnia and anxiety
–> emotion regulation
1 and 3 are better treated by TMS, type 2 and 4 can not be treated with TMS.
